Titanium dioxide ( titania ) chemically stable in general not react with most materials . In nature , there are three crystalline titanium dioxide : titanium plate , titanium dioxide anatase and rutile titanium dioxide . Titanium plate crystal form is unstable , no industrial use value, anatase titanium dioxide (Anatase) referred to as A -type , and plastic
additive rutile titanium dioxide (Rutile) referred to as R-type , have a stable crystal lattice , it is important white pigments and porcelain glaze , compared with other white pigments have superior whiteness, color strength, hiding power, weatherability, heat resistance , and chemical stability, especially not toxic.
Coatings industry is the largest user of titanium dioxide , especially rutile titanium dioxide , mostly consumed by the paint industry . Manufactured with titanium dioxide paint , colorful, high hiding power , tinting strength , dosage province , variety, stability of the media can play a protective role , and can enhance the mechanical strength and adhesion of the film to prevent cracks, prevent UV and moisture through , extend film life.
Plastics industry is the second largest user of titanium dioxide added in plastics , plastic products can improve the heat resistance , light resistance , weather resistance, the physical Metallic stearate and chemical properties of plastic products to improve and enhance products, mechanical strength, prolong life.
The paper industry is the third Zinc
stearate largest user of titanium dioxide as filler paper , mainly used in fine paper and the paper thin . In the paper by adding titanium dioxide , can make the paper has good whiteness, gloss , high strength , thin and smooth , printing does not penetrate , quality of light. Papermaking general use without a surface treatment of titanium dioxide anatase titanium dioxide, can play the role of optical brighteners , increasing whiteness of the paper . But requires the use of laminated paper surface treated rutile type titanium dioxide , in order to meet light and heat requirements. Or advanced ink titanium white pigment is indispensable . Durable ink containing titanium dioxide does not change color , surface wettability , easy to disperse . Ink industry has used titanium dioxide rutile , anatase have . Textile and chemical fiber industry is another important application of titanium dioxide . Chemical fiber titanium dioxide is mainly used as a matting agent . Since anatase type soft than gold, red , general use anatase . Fiber surface with titanium dioxide generally do not need treatment, but some special varieties in order to reduce photochemical effect of titanium dioxide , titanium dioxide to avoid fibers degrade the photocatalytic effect , the need for surface treatment.
impact modifier
2013年9月29日星期日
Analysis of aluminum sulfate in waste water treatment in the use of chemical
In most small and medium sized production and processing plant and sewage treatment plant is the most applied chemical precipitation wastewater treatment , wastewater coagulation treatment, waste PVC stabilizer water treatment and waste water and oxidation treatment . Wastewater chemical treatment including wastewater ozonation treatment , waste water electrolysis treatment , waste water treatment chemical precipitation , coagulation wastewater treatment , waste water treatment and waste water oxidation and treatment method. The chemistry of aluminum sulfate in wastewater treatment and in what kind of role does occur , it is also how to play that role yet.
In the role of the water chemical treatment
Aluminum sulfate in water chemistry, most of the time based coagulants appear . It contains varying amounts of crystal water : Al2 (SO4) 3.18 H2O where n = 6,10,14,16,8 and 27 , commonly used is Al2 (SO4) 3.18 H2O molecular weight of 666.41 , the proportion of 1.61 , the appearance of white , shiny crystals . Aluminum sulfate soluble in water , acidic aqueous solution at room temperature solubility is roughly 50%? PH value of 2.5 or Stearates less. Solubility in boiling water to 90 % or more. Aluminum sulfate ease of use , better coagulation treated water will not give an adverse effect . When the water temperature is low aluminum sulfate hydrolysis difficult floc looser .
Chemical treatment of wastewater in the role operations
Aluminum sulfate most commonly used in our country mostly use massive or granular aluminum sulfate . According to one water-insoluble substance content and crude purification can be divided Pigments into two kinds. Soluble in water can be dry or wet dosing . Wet dosing has generally adopted a concentration of 10-20% ( by weight of solid product ) . Efficient water use narrow pH range ? Between about 5.5-8 , with the pH value of the effective hardness of the water content of the original varies , pH of 5.7-6.6 for the water softener . Medium hardness water 6.6 - 7.2 . High hardness of the water was 7.2-7.8 . Aluminum sulfate in the control dose should be considered in the above-mentioned characteristics . Sometimes adding excess water pH dropped to make aluminum coagulation pH value less effective drug not only a waste , but also so that the treated water, mix .
The above said is aluminum sulfate as a coagulant chemical in waste water treatment in the use . In fact, it is also a neutralizing agent , of course , with lime , compared to the composite base , which in the waste water used alone as a pH adjusting agent , very little can be said to apply .
In the role of the water chemical treatment
Aluminum sulfate in water chemistry, most of the time based coagulants appear . It contains varying amounts of crystal water : Al2 (SO4) 3.18 H2O where n = 6,10,14,16,8 and 27 , commonly used is Al2 (SO4) 3.18 H2O molecular weight of 666.41 , the proportion of 1.61 , the appearance of white , shiny crystals . Aluminum sulfate soluble in water , acidic aqueous solution at room temperature solubility is roughly 50%? PH value of 2.5 or Stearates less. Solubility in boiling water to 90 % or more. Aluminum sulfate ease of use , better coagulation treated water will not give an adverse effect . When the water temperature is low aluminum sulfate hydrolysis difficult floc looser .
Chemical treatment of wastewater in the role operations
Aluminum sulfate most commonly used in our country mostly use massive or granular aluminum sulfate . According to one water-insoluble substance content and crude purification can be divided Pigments into two kinds. Soluble in water can be dry or wet dosing . Wet dosing has generally adopted a concentration of 10-20% ( by weight of solid product ) . Efficient water use narrow pH range ? Between about 5.5-8 , with the pH value of the effective hardness of the water content of the original varies , pH of 5.7-6.6 for the water softener . Medium hardness water 6.6 - 7.2 . High hardness of the water was 7.2-7.8 . Aluminum sulfate in the control dose should be considered in the above-mentioned characteristics . Sometimes adding excess water pH dropped to make aluminum coagulation pH value less effective drug not only a waste , but also so that the treated water, mix .
The above said is aluminum sulfate as a coagulant chemical in waste water treatment in the use . In fact, it is also a neutralizing agent , of course , with lime , compared to the composite base , which in the waste water used alone as a pH adjusting agent , very little can be said to apply .
2013年9月28日星期六
PVC PVC heat stabilizers affect the main reasons
PVC heat stabilizers of PVC to a certain extent affect the transparency . PVC heat stabilizers are also PVC additives can not be missing , so no PVC heat stabilizers for PVC will lose a lot optical
brightener of practical value. So people are constantly on the PVC heat stabilizers biochemical research . Here polyvinyl chloride PVC heat stabilizers affect the transparency of the three factors , and we do a study .
1 , the refractive index of stabilizers and heat stabilizers of PVC resin refractive index of 1.52 to 1.55 visible same or similar , then the better the transparency of PVC products , the lead stearate transparency is low and vice versa .
2 , stabilizer molecules ( molecules ) of linear length
Heat stabilizer molecule ( or molecules ) linear length is less than 400 ~ 735nm wavelength of visible light refracting fewer higher degree of transparency , whereas less transparent .
3 , a heat stabilizer in PVC , " solubility ", ie compatibility
The so-called compatibility of two PVC stabilizer for fittings or more substances refers to the mutual affinity when mixed . Good compatibility is possible to achieve dispersion of the molecular level . Thermal stabilizer in the molten state has good compatibility with PVC resin . Do not form a two -phase , that is no interface or the interface is not obvious, less refracted light , PVC products, higher transparency . Liquid stabilizer than the corresponding solid metal soap good compatibility in PVC , the linear molecule has a smaller length , and thus the higher the transparency of the PVC .
1 , the refractive index of stabilizers and heat stabilizers of PVC resin refractive index of 1.52 to 1.55 visible same or similar , then the better the transparency of PVC products , the lead stearate transparency is low and vice versa .
2 , stabilizer molecules ( molecules ) of linear length
Heat stabilizer molecule ( or molecules ) linear length is less than 400 ~ 735nm wavelength of visible light refracting fewer higher degree of transparency , whereas less transparent .
3 , a heat stabilizer in PVC , " solubility ", ie compatibility
The so-called compatibility of two PVC stabilizer for fittings or more substances refers to the mutual affinity when mixed . Good compatibility is possible to achieve dispersion of the molecular level . Thermal stabilizer in the molten state has good compatibility with PVC resin . Do not form a two -phase , that is no interface or the interface is not obvious, less refracted light , PVC products, higher transparency . Liquid stabilizer than the corresponding solid metal soap good compatibility in PVC , the linear molecule has a smaller length , and thus the higher the transparency of the PVC .
free metal soap
Metal soap a metal other than an alkali metal , a metal oxide or salt and a fatty acid , rosin acid , naphthenic acid soap derived role .
Metallic soap can not be direct saponification of fats , sodium fatty acid soap and are based on the corresponding metal salt solution was prepared by metathesis reaction , also useful for fatty acid and metal powder obtained melting method , but the quality is not high. Common metallic soap of calcium , magnesium, zinc , lead, aluminum , manganese, iron , cobalt , nickel, molybdenum , barium , cadmium and so on. Generally insoluble in water, insoluble in ethanol most , some can be dissolved in turpentine or ligroin , some can be dispersed in the other organic solvents or drying oil .
Mainly used in paint industry and PVC heat stabilizer for fittings the plastics industry , mainly in the coatings industry as oil-based paints , coatings and alkyd paints phenolic driers . In the plastics industry , can be used as stabilizers. In addition, also for the preparation of greases , waterproofing agents , preservatives , cosmetics and pharmaceutical products. Where the use of metal soap formed by metal salts and organic fertilizer can construct Wong . But as a general alkali metal soaps are dissolved in water , washed our common soap is such a case . And the other is an alkaline earth metal and heavy metal soaps generated , are not soluble in water, but soluble in organic solvent , referred to herein metallic soap , soap entails in terms of the latter category . Metallic soaps very wide range of applications , this oxidized PE WAX is really special because it has a relatively structural reason. Metal soap a metal other than an alkali metal , a metal oxide or salt and a fatty acid , rosin acid , naphthenic acid soap derived role .
Metallic soap can not be direct saponification of fats , sodium fatty acid soap and are based on the corresponding metal salt solution was prepared by metathesis reaction , also useful for fatty acid and metal powder obtained melting method , but the quality is not high. Common metallic soap Acrylic processing aid of calcium , magnesium, zinc , lead, aluminum , manganese, iron , cobalt , nickel, molybdenum , barium , cadmium and so on. Generally insoluble in water, insoluble in ethanol most , some can be dissolved in turpentine or ligroin , some can be dispersed in the other organic solvents or drying oil .
Mainly used in paint industry and the plastics industry , mainly in the coatings industry as oil-based paints , coatings and alkyd paints phenolic driers . In the plastics industry , can be used as stabilizers. In addition, also for the preparation of greases , waterproofing agents , preservatives , cosmetics and pharmaceutical products.
Metallic soap can not be direct saponification of fats , sodium fatty acid soap and are based on the corresponding metal salt solution was prepared by metathesis reaction , also useful for fatty acid and metal powder obtained melting method , but the quality is not high. Common metallic soap of calcium , magnesium, zinc , lead, aluminum , manganese, iron , cobalt , nickel, molybdenum , barium , cadmium and so on. Generally insoluble in water, insoluble in ethanol most , some can be dissolved in turpentine or ligroin , some can be dispersed in the other organic solvents or drying oil .
Mainly used in paint industry and PVC heat stabilizer for fittings the plastics industry , mainly in the coatings industry as oil-based paints , coatings and alkyd paints phenolic driers . In the plastics industry , can be used as stabilizers. In addition, also for the preparation of greases , waterproofing agents , preservatives , cosmetics and pharmaceutical products. Where the use of metal soap formed by metal salts and organic fertilizer can construct Wong . But as a general alkali metal soaps are dissolved in water , washed our common soap is such a case . And the other is an alkaline earth metal and heavy metal soaps generated , are not soluble in water, but soluble in organic solvent , referred to herein metallic soap , soap entails in terms of the latter category . Metallic soaps very wide range of applications , this oxidized PE WAX is really special because it has a relatively structural reason. Metal soap a metal other than an alkali metal , a metal oxide or salt and a fatty acid , rosin acid , naphthenic acid soap derived role .
Metallic soap can not be direct saponification of fats , sodium fatty acid soap and are based on the corresponding metal salt solution was prepared by metathesis reaction , also useful for fatty acid and metal powder obtained melting method , but the quality is not high. Common metallic soap Acrylic processing aid of calcium , magnesium, zinc , lead, aluminum , manganese, iron , cobalt , nickel, molybdenum , barium , cadmium and so on. Generally insoluble in water, insoluble in ethanol most , some can be dissolved in turpentine or ligroin , some can be dispersed in the other organic solvents or drying oil .
Mainly used in paint industry and the plastics industry , mainly in the coatings industry as oil-based paints , coatings and alkyd paints phenolic driers . In the plastics industry , can be used as stabilizers. In addition, also for the preparation of greases , waterproofing agents , preservatives , cosmetics and pharmaceutical products.
2013年9月27日星期五
Why use the microwave method hydrated aluminum sulfate dehydration
What is a hydrated aluminum sulfate
Hydrated aluminum sulfate is the sulfate containing water of crystallization of aluminum, which carry respectively 6,10,16,18 and 27 water molecules. Hydrated aluminum sulfate anhydrous aluminum sulfate prices fluorescent brightener relative to the price to be lower. Traffic and scope of the application has not been. Traditional and low water in the preparation of anhydrous aluminum sulfate dehydration process will consume a lot of energy, and the use of microwave dehydration dehydration What advantages does it have?
Microwave radiation hydrated aluminum sulfate PVC stabilizer for fittings dehydration advantage
Dehydration is microwave radiation in the microwave field warming up for hydrated aluminum sulfate for dehydration, it has (1) microwave radiation to make aluminum sulfate hydrate dehydrated efficient than traditional methods, and the power consumption is very low, has great potential applications. (2) under microwave irradiation select the appropriate help to further reduce antimony trioxide power consumption and improve efficiency. (3) microwave radiation heating curve dehydration process there will be some fluctuation, microwave radiation dehydration temperature is lower than the desired macro traditional heating dehydration desired temperature. (4) using conventional microwave dehydration and dehydration product compared to its crystalline phases and morphologies have some differences.
ydrated aluminum sulfate in the aqueous ferrous sulfate without saying similar to the relationship between the fish, after dehydration of the product, the content will be relatively higher. And more use of these chemical products storage, transportation.
Hydrated aluminum sulfate is the sulfate containing water of crystallization of aluminum, which carry respectively 6,10,16,18 and 27 water molecules. Hydrated aluminum sulfate anhydrous aluminum sulfate prices fluorescent brightener relative to the price to be lower. Traffic and scope of the application has not been. Traditional and low water in the preparation of anhydrous aluminum sulfate dehydration process will consume a lot of energy, and the use of microwave dehydration dehydration What advantages does it have?
Microwave radiation hydrated aluminum sulfate PVC stabilizer for fittings dehydration advantage
Dehydration is microwave radiation in the microwave field warming up for hydrated aluminum sulfate for dehydration, it has (1) microwave radiation to make aluminum sulfate hydrate dehydrated efficient than traditional methods, and the power consumption is very low, has great potential applications. (2) under microwave irradiation select the appropriate help to further reduce antimony trioxide power consumption and improve efficiency. (3) microwave radiation heating curve dehydration process there will be some fluctuation, microwave radiation dehydration temperature is lower than the desired macro traditional heating dehydration desired temperature. (4) using conventional microwave dehydration and dehydration product compared to its crystalline phases and morphologies have some differences.
ydrated aluminum sulfate in the aqueous ferrous sulfate without saying similar to the relationship between the fish, after dehydration of the product, the content will be relatively higher. And more use of these chemical products storage, transportation.
What is aluminum sulfate gel
Aluminum sulfate is the use of aluminum sulfate gel alumina prepared with agglutination made. Some people will have a unifying role of aluminum sulfate adsorption called aluminum sulfate gel. Sodium silicate as PVC
foaming board stabilizer silica source, aluminum sulfate was prepared as the aluminum source is called aluminosilicate gel alumina xerogel. The use of aluminum sulfate sulfur aluminate-based high-water gel material modification
What is a gel
Gel refers to the zinc borate flame retardant particle size between 1 Å to 10 Å mixture. Polymer solution and some of the sol, under the right conditions, the entire system will be converted into a flexible thick semi-solid material, loss of mobility. This phenomenon is called gelation, the resulting product is called a gel or gel.
What is the role of aluminum sulfate gel and
Aluminum sulfate gels and sintered iron-aluminum sulfate can also be used as raw material for production of high purity alumina, the latter as advanced ceramics and abrasives. Aluminum sulfate in the treatment of industrial and municipal waste water is used as a coagulant. To be PVC flame retardant added to water, the reaction gelatinous precipitate alumina trihydrate, absorption settlement bacteria, colloids and other suspended substances. Aluminum sulfate gel medicine, aluminum sulfate gel has a virus removal effect, such as endotoxin, protein nucleic acids, viruses and microorganisms, commonly used in pediatric diarrhea, treatment of stomach problems.
Aluminum sulfate gel also serves as apples, watermelon rind pectin and so on. As the peel pectin gel precipitated salt and ferrous sulfate gel, polyacrylamide gel and the potassium permanganate gel.
What is a gel
Gel refers to the zinc borate flame retardant particle size between 1 Å to 10 Å mixture. Polymer solution and some of the sol, under the right conditions, the entire system will be converted into a flexible thick semi-solid material, loss of mobility. This phenomenon is called gelation, the resulting product is called a gel or gel.
What is the role of aluminum sulfate gel and
Aluminum sulfate gels and sintered iron-aluminum sulfate can also be used as raw material for production of high purity alumina, the latter as advanced ceramics and abrasives. Aluminum sulfate in the treatment of industrial and municipal waste water is used as a coagulant. To be PVC flame retardant added to water, the reaction gelatinous precipitate alumina trihydrate, absorption settlement bacteria, colloids and other suspended substances. Aluminum sulfate gel medicine, aluminum sulfate gel has a virus removal effect, such as endotoxin, protein nucleic acids, viruses and microorganisms, commonly used in pediatric diarrhea, treatment of stomach problems.
Aluminum sulfate gel also serves as apples, watermelon rind pectin and so on. As the peel pectin gel precipitated salt and ferrous sulfate gel, polyacrylamide gel and the potassium permanganate gel.
2013年9月25日星期三
metal soap stabilizers simple hungry applications
Metal soap as a stabilizer , mainly for the plastics industry , particularly PVC use more. Stabilizers for PVC , mostly cadmium, barium, calcium, zinc , aluminum, magnesium salts of higher Acrylic
processing aid fatty acids , especially stearic acid and lauric acid salts. They play the role of hydrogen chloride acceptor , a carboxyl group and a metal soap PVC replacement reaction of the chlorine atoms , the esterification of PVC stabilized. In most cases, the esterification reaction rate ZnCdPdCaBa. Because cadmium toxicity, have now banned . Zinc soap is best complementary stabilizer, but long-term stability is poor , the price cheaper , non-toxic , can be used in food carbon
black powder packaging films . Common Ownership zinc stearate , zinc laurate , ... PVC heat stabilizers generally based on processing tribasic lead sulfate ( three salt ) , dibasic lead stearate ( two salt ) -based, then add a small amount of lead stearate ( hard lead ) and calcium stearate ( hard calcium ) , may be used alone , can be reasonable, made of composite lead salt stabilizer. The toxicity of lead cause for great concern , three salt , two lead salt stabilizer higher indifferent people , and thus the metal soap -based heat stabilizer ( particularly a lead-free metal soap ) for people concerned , the thermal stability of the metal soap mechanism has become a hot topic. Because PVC heat stabilizers in the production aspect is Plastic chemical protected by patents , so there is no reported its exact composition and content . Commercial heat stabilizers are commercially available mixture of various compounds . Mixture is better than pure substances stabilizing effect . Meanwhile , in dealing PVC heat stabilizers are required to carefully consider its toxicity. PVC, processors and consumers should pay attention to warnings about the toxicity of stabilizer .
complex metal soap heat stabilizers on the thermal stability of
PVC heat stabilizers generally based on processing of tribasic lead sulfate ( three salt ) , dibasic lead stearate ( two salt ) -based, then add a small amount of lead stearate ( hard lead ) and calcium stearate ( hard calcium ) , may be used alone , can be reasonable, made of composite lead salt stabilizer. The toxicity of lead cause for great concern , three magnesium
stearate salt , two lead salt stabilizer higher indifferent people , and thus the metal soap -based heat stabilizer ( particularly a lead-free metal soap ) for people concerned , the thermal stability of the metal soap mechanism has become a hot topic. Because PVC heat stabilizers in the production aspect is protected by patents , so there is no reported its exact composition and epoxidation
of soybean oil content . Commercial heat stabilizers are commercially available mixture of various compounds . Mixture is better than pure substances stabilizing effect . Meanwhile , in dealing PVC heat stabilizers are required to carefully consider its toxicity. PVC, processors and consumers should pay attention to warnings about the toxicity of stabilizer . With plastic additive advanced equipment and technology can analyze the chemical composition of the stabilizer . Composite metal soap heat stabilizers 4180 ( referred to 4180 ) is a novel heat stabilizer PVC processing , is to analyze them in order to provide a viable analysis technique , it is beneficial for heat stabilizers toxic substances supervision.
2013年9月24日星期二
Stearate some simple methods
One kinds of stearyl alcohol ester synthesis method in the case of organic synthesis technology esters , stearic acid and stearyl alcohol as raw materials , characterized in that the metal oxide catalyst PVC processing
aid under nitrogen esterification atmosphere , alcohol , filtration obtained stearyl stearate ; said metal oxide is magnesium oxide or stannous oxide or iron oxide , etc., added in an amount of stearic acid and stearyl alcohol, total 0.03 to 0.12% by weight . Rational use of the present invention the metal oxide as a catalyst , such catalysts have high selectivity , non-corrosive equipment, production process is simple, can be removed by filtration , the inganic pigments product quality is stable ; while the metal oxide catalyst according to requirements, optimized design and trial research , reasonably determine the ratio of raw materials , amount of catalyst , reaction temperature, time and other parameters and conditions , mild reaction conditions , using simple equipment, so that equipment investment is more savings.
018 words a dry method production process and apparatus stearate
0002 Preparation of stearate
8005 stearate step synthesis method
1003 stearate prepared nanocrystalline ceramic powder
3008 improved stearate composition and preparation method
| 017 stearic acid complexation preparing nanoscale dispersion whitening agent strengthened metal alloy powder method using pre-
3013 emissions- step synthesis method for the production of calcium stearate
8001 non-aqueous stearate step Synthesis
0010 improved stearate composition and preparation method
1007 adhesive lubricant containing metal powder composition comprising glyceryl stearate , and the adhesive lubricant
3012 Screw Reactor reactive extrusion process to produce heavy stearate methods
3006 Preparation of stearate
8004 stearate prepared novel nano ceramic powder materials technology
018 words a dry method production process and apparatus stearate
0002 Preparation of stearate
8005 stearate step synthesis method
1003 stearate prepared nanocrystalline ceramic powder
3008 improved stearate composition and preparation method
| 017 stearic acid complexation preparing nanoscale dispersion whitening agent strengthened metal alloy powder method using pre-
3013 emissions- step synthesis method for the production of calcium stearate
8001 non-aqueous stearate step Synthesis
0010 improved stearate composition and preparation method
1007 adhesive lubricant containing metal powder composition comprising glyceryl stearate , and the adhesive lubricant
3012 Screw Reactor reactive extrusion process to produce heavy stearate methods
3006 Preparation of stearate
8004 stearate prepared novel nano ceramic powder materials technology
introduces some major stearate
Stearate is an additive for a wide range , the most important role of the polymer with very good results. Such as polyolefins can be used as an acid neutralizer , the article has a good lubricating effect , increase heat
stabilizer for panel life expectancy ( in terms of the thermoset product ) . Market , stearate great demand, generally focused on: calcium stearate, zinc stearate, sodium stearate these types . Lianyungang Huaming Tai Material Technology Co., Ltd. is mainly engaged in three types of stearate.
Production of stearic acid salt is a complex process, after several in-depth exchanges , flash dryer as stearate final process section . More than two years , the use of easy -degree flash dryer for n-butyl stearate drying stearate effect is remarkable, not only high production efficiency, and fewer human resources needed , greatly reducing the cost of doing business .
Drying stearate ( calcium stearate, zinc stearate, sodium stearate ), the main difficulty lies in mesh powder is too low, the drying time is not a good collection of dust than expected . Choose the traditional bag dust removal equipment can not solve this problem. Our response to this situation , the traditional baghouse has been improved, under the heat stabilizer for pipe premise of ensuring the production , making the maximum amount of material was collected . Stearate using flash dryer drying , the effect is remarkable, and , again using the flash drying equipment high production requirements under full load operation. Tailored for the enterprise is the most suitable drying equipment drying machine I designed purpose . Communicate constantly , constantly solving puzzles , and constantly break through the self .
Production of stearic acid salt is a complex process, after several in-depth exchanges , flash dryer as stearate final process section . More than two years , the use of easy -degree flash dryer for n-butyl stearate drying stearate effect is remarkable, not only high production efficiency, and fewer human resources needed , greatly reducing the cost of doing business .
Drying stearate ( calcium stearate, zinc stearate, sodium stearate ), the main difficulty lies in mesh powder is too low, the drying time is not a good collection of dust than expected . Choose the traditional bag dust removal equipment can not solve this problem. Our response to this situation , the traditional baghouse has been improved, under the heat stabilizer for pipe premise of ensuring the production , making the maximum amount of material was collected . Stearate using flash dryer drying , the effect is remarkable, and , again using the flash drying equipment high production requirements under full load operation. Tailored for the enterprise is the most suitable drying equipment drying machine I designed purpose . Communicate constantly , constantly solving puzzles , and constantly break through the self .
2013年9月23日星期一
The physical properties of aluminum monostearate
Appearance: white to pale yellow powder.
Density (g / mL, 25/4 ℃): 1.020
Relative vapor density (g / mL, air = 1 ) : Not available
Melting point (oC): 155
Boiling Point (oC, pressure ) : Not available
Boiling Point (oC, 5.2kPa): Not available
Refractive PVC plasticizer index: Not available
Flash Point (oC): not available
Specific rotation (o): Not available
Ignition point , or ignition temperature (oC): not available
Vapor pressure (kPa, 25oC): Not available
Saturated vapor pressure (kPa, 60oC): Not available
Heat of combustion (KJ / mol): Not available
Critical temperature (oC): not available
Critical Pressure (KPa): Not available
Water ( octanol / water ) distribution coefficient values : Not available
Explosive limit (%, V / V): Not available
Lower Explosive Limit (%, V / V): Not available
Solubility: Not available
Role and purpose
Insoluble in water, aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbon solvent to form a gum.
Synthesis
The freshly prepared Al (OH) 3 was washed with fluorescent brightener water after washing with methanol , methanol added directly to a solution of stearic acid , heated on a water bath , stirring, slowly react to form aluminum stearate gel products . Which is often mixed with the free acid, can be repeatedly washed with hot methanol to reduce the free acid content .
Toxicological data
Two , toxicology data:
Acute toxicity: not available.
Ecological data
Third, ecological data:
1 , Other harmful effects : The PVC heat stabilizer for window substance may be hazardous to the environment , the water should be given special attention.
Density (g / mL, 25/4 ℃): 1.020
Relative vapor density (g / mL, air = 1 ) : Not available
Melting point (oC): 155
Boiling Point (oC, pressure ) : Not available
Boiling Point (oC, 5.2kPa): Not available
Refractive PVC plasticizer index: Not available
Flash Point (oC): not available
Specific rotation (o): Not available
Ignition point , or ignition temperature (oC): not available
Vapor pressure (kPa, 25oC): Not available
Saturated vapor pressure (kPa, 60oC): Not available
Heat of combustion (KJ / mol): Not available
Critical temperature (oC): not available
Critical Pressure (KPa): Not available
Water ( octanol / water ) distribution coefficient values : Not available
Explosive limit (%, V / V): Not available
Lower Explosive Limit (%, V / V): Not available
Solubility: Not available
Role and purpose
Insoluble in water, aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbon solvent to form a gum.
Synthesis
The freshly prepared Al (OH) 3 was washed with fluorescent brightener water after washing with methanol , methanol added directly to a solution of stearic acid , heated on a water bath , stirring, slowly react to form aluminum stearate gel products . Which is often mixed with the free acid, can be repeatedly washed with hot methanol to reduce the free acid content .
Toxicological data
Two , toxicology data:
Acute toxicity: not available.
Ecological data
Third, ecological data:
1 , Other harmful effects : The PVC heat stabilizer for window substance may be hazardous to the environment , the water should be given special attention.
Cadmium zinc stearate and stearic acid , magnesium stearate difference
Technical indicators a zinc stearate , molecular formula : Zn (C17H35COO) 2 two , molecular weight : 631 Third, the production process: stearic acid in hot water and lye saponification reaction with sodium stearate and zinc chloride occurred metathesis reaction of zinc stearate , dehydrated , and Acrylic impact modifier air drying the finished product . Fourth, the physical and chemical properties : White light powder , specific gravity 1.095 , a greasy feel , insoluble in water , soluble in hot ethanol , benzene and turpentine and other organic solvents, strong acid is decomposed into stearic acid and corresponding zinc ,
Magnesium stearate technical indicators one , Formula : Mg (C17H35COO) 2 two , sub Quality : 591 Third, the triple pressed stearic acid production process: stearic acid in hot water and lye saponification reaction with sodium stearate and magnesium occur metathesis reaction of magnesium stearate, dehydrated , and air drying the finished product . Fourth, the physical and chemical properties : White light powder , specific gravity 1.028 , tasteless, slightly soluble in water , soluble in hot ethanol , the event is decomposed into stearic acid and corresponding magnesium salts , this product is hygroscopic .
Technical indicators a cadmium stearate , molecular formula : (C17H35COO) 2Cb two , Weight: 678 Third, the Plastic impact modifier production process: stearic acid in hot water and lye saponification reaction with sodium stearate and cadmium nitrate metathesis reaction occurs generate cadmium stearate , after dehydration and air drying the finished product . Fourth, the physical and chemical properties : White light powder , density 1.28g/cm3, insoluble in water. Dissolved in hot ethanol and ether , absorb moisture in the air , the case is decomposed into stearic acid and corresponding cadmium salts .
Magnesium stearate technical indicators one , Formula : Mg (C17H35COO) 2 two , sub Quality : 591 Third, the triple pressed stearic acid production process: stearic acid in hot water and lye saponification reaction with sodium stearate and magnesium occur metathesis reaction of magnesium stearate, dehydrated , and air drying the finished product . Fourth, the physical and chemical properties : White light powder , specific gravity 1.028 , tasteless, slightly soluble in water , soluble in hot ethanol , the event is decomposed into stearic acid and corresponding magnesium salts , this product is hygroscopic .
Technical indicators a cadmium stearate , molecular formula : (C17H35COO) 2Cb two , Weight: 678 Third, the Plastic impact modifier production process: stearic acid in hot water and lye saponification reaction with sodium stearate and cadmium nitrate metathesis reaction occurs generate cadmium stearate , after dehydration and air drying the finished product . Fourth, the physical and chemical properties : White light powder , density 1.28g/cm3, insoluble in water. Dissolved in hot ethanol and ether , absorb moisture in the air , the case is decomposed into stearic acid and corresponding cadmium salts .
2013年9月22日星期日
Impact modifiers and processing of the main function modifier
Impact modifiers and processing modifier
( A ) impact modifiers and processing modifier function
1 , the performance of impact modifier
To improve the impact properties of plastic additives added for the purpose referred to as impact modifier . These additives can not only improve the impact strength of the resin , but also to improve the processability of the resin . Impact modifier is typically used in rigid PVC , but in polypropylene, polystyrene and modified plastics has universal application. Currently , rigid PVC impact modifier used mainly plastic flame retardant some copolymer resin or a modified resin such as ABS, MBS, EVA, CPE , and thermoplastic rubber , thermoplastic elastomers , which are widely used as PVC, PE, PP, PS, AS, ABS, PMMA, PA, PC, PBT, PET and so on. Impact modifier may be added into a ductile plastic brittle plastics can be applied only in the normal temperature of the plastic into a plastic used at low temperatures , in addition , can effectively improve the processing properties of plastics .
Ideal resistance modifier should have the following properties:
① and modification of the substrate must have a good compatibility.
② modifier particle size, morphology medium a diameter of about 200nm is appropriate to protect the effect is a high impact strength .
③ modifier to lower the glass transition temperature is preferred.
④ impact modifier preferably has slightly crosslinked to improve the reinforcing effect .
⑤ modifier processing properties of the resin without prejudice to its apparent performance and physical and mechanical properties without adverse effects.
⑥ requires non-toxic, non-polluting and affordable.
2 , the processing performance modifier
Processing modifier for plastic processing performance is poor and development of a class of additives that are added to improve the polymer in the molten resin flow , and a thermal stability, heat distortion resistance and surface gloss of the material products . Currently, the processing modifier is mainly to improve the melt viscosity of PVC , improved flowability and processability.
Processing modifier primarily polymer, the application is more acrylic copolymer , such as methyl methacrylate / acrylic acid copolymer system (MMA / FA system ) , methyl methacrylate / butyl methacrylate acrylate / ethyl acrylate / methyl methacrylate copolymer systems (MMA / BMA / EA / EMA system ) , methyl methacrylate / ethyl acrylate / acrylonitrile copolymer system (MMA / EA / AN system ), etc. The amount of resin added is usually from 3% to 8%.
( Two ) impact modifiers and processing modifier classification and species
1 , impact modifiers and species classification
① acrylonitrile - butadiene - styrene copolymer (ABS): ABS resin is a graft copolymer of polybutadiene latex is added to the styrene and acrylonitrile monomers copolymerized . Impact modifier for PVC, ABS has a good effect, the toughening effect, while the tensile Impact modifier for PVC strength and elongation decrease is small, the general amount of 10% to 20%. ABS resin due to the presence of unsaturated structures , weather is poor, so products should not be long-term outdoor use . ABS resin is less than the compatibility with PVC, MBS, the product transparency is not as good MBS copolymer ; such as a transparent ABS and PVC blends can obtain a transparent products. When the ABS dosage of 20% to 30 %, the impact strength with excellent results.
② methyl methacrylate - butadiene - styrene copolymer (MBS): MBS is to polybutadiene or butadiene - styrene emulsion , methyl methacrylate graft copolymerized . Adding MBS resin can improve the impact toughness of PVC , polyvinyl chloride increase the transparency , but poor aging resistance of MBS , MBS higher rubber content , the higher the impact toughness . MBS added amount is generally 10% to 17 % is appropriate, more than 30 % of the brittle failure occurs .
③ chlorinated polyethylene (CPE): chlorinated polyethylene of high density polyethylene (HDPE) chlorination , chlorine content is generally 30% to 45% , depending on the resin component , the chlorine content , the molecular structure and morphology different , showing a rigid plastic from the rubber elastic body in different state changes. Molecular weight of 1,000,000 or more CPE is not only good impact resistance , and excellent weather resistance , ABS and MBS overcome the shortcomings of poor weather . In addition , CPE chlorine in a great effect on the size of the modified , low chlorine content , its high crystallinity and poor toughness , high glass transition temperature , poor compatibility with PVC . Chlorine content is too high , CPE 's cohesion is stronger , but relatively poor dispersion . CPE in PVC dosage is generally 5% to 15%. CPE, cold resistance, chemical stability , flame resistance, oil resistance and electrical insulating properties are good .
④ ethylene - vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA): EVA used as modifiers of PVC , the vinyl acetate content should be more than 40 ¥ . EVA good weather resistance, modified PVC products can be used outdoors, but the transparency and tensile strength have declined. The addition of EVA is generally 5% ~ 10%, EVA as the modifier , also be used in the dibasic lead stearate modified polyolefins , to improve weatherability , cold resistance .
⑤ styrene - butadiene = styrene copolymer (SBS): used mainly to change HIPS, PP, PS toughening , cold and impact strength . Added amount is generally 5 % to 10 %, can greatly improve the low temperature impact toughness .
⑥ synthetic rubber and thermoplastic elastomer impact modifier : synthetic rubber and thermoplastic elastomers have excellent toughness, flexibility , high elasticity and excellent low temperature performance, itself has good impact resistance , good impact resistance is changed Xing agent.
POE is an ethylene / octene copolymers, as PE, PP, PA impact modifier to good effect in toughening the same time, to lower rigidity .
EPDM rubber (EPDM), has good flexibility, elasticity , tear resistance , acid and alkali , weather resistance and impact resistance.
( A ) impact modifiers and processing modifier function
1 , the performance of impact modifier
To improve the impact properties of plastic additives added for the purpose referred to as impact modifier . These additives can not only improve the impact strength of the resin , but also to improve the processability of the resin . Impact modifier is typically used in rigid PVC , but in polypropylene, polystyrene and modified plastics has universal application. Currently , rigid PVC impact modifier used mainly plastic flame retardant some copolymer resin or a modified resin such as ABS, MBS, EVA, CPE , and thermoplastic rubber , thermoplastic elastomers , which are widely used as PVC, PE, PP, PS, AS, ABS, PMMA, PA, PC, PBT, PET and so on. Impact modifier may be added into a ductile plastic brittle plastics can be applied only in the normal temperature of the plastic into a plastic used at low temperatures , in addition , can effectively improve the processing properties of plastics .
Ideal resistance modifier should have the following properties:
① and modification of the substrate must have a good compatibility.
② modifier particle size, morphology medium a diameter of about 200nm is appropriate to protect the effect is a high impact strength .
③ modifier to lower the glass transition temperature is preferred.
④ impact modifier preferably has slightly crosslinked to improve the reinforcing effect .
⑤ modifier processing properties of the resin without prejudice to its apparent performance and physical and mechanical properties without adverse effects.
⑥ requires non-toxic, non-polluting and affordable.
2 , the processing performance modifier
Processing modifier for plastic processing performance is poor and development of a class of additives that are added to improve the polymer in the molten resin flow , and a thermal stability, heat distortion resistance and surface gloss of the material products . Currently, the processing modifier is mainly to improve the melt viscosity of PVC , improved flowability and processability.
Processing modifier primarily polymer, the application is more acrylic copolymer , such as methyl methacrylate / acrylic acid copolymer system (MMA / FA system ) , methyl methacrylate / butyl methacrylate acrylate / ethyl acrylate / methyl methacrylate copolymer systems (MMA / BMA / EA / EMA system ) , methyl methacrylate / ethyl acrylate / acrylonitrile copolymer system (MMA / EA / AN system ), etc. The amount of resin added is usually from 3% to 8%.
( Two ) impact modifiers and processing modifier classification and species
1 , impact modifiers and species classification
① acrylonitrile - butadiene - styrene copolymer (ABS): ABS resin is a graft copolymer of polybutadiene latex is added to the styrene and acrylonitrile monomers copolymerized . Impact modifier for PVC, ABS has a good effect, the toughening effect, while the tensile Impact modifier for PVC strength and elongation decrease is small, the general amount of 10% to 20%. ABS resin due to the presence of unsaturated structures , weather is poor, so products should not be long-term outdoor use . ABS resin is less than the compatibility with PVC, MBS, the product transparency is not as good MBS copolymer ; such as a transparent ABS and PVC blends can obtain a transparent products. When the ABS dosage of 20% to 30 %, the impact strength with excellent results.
② methyl methacrylate - butadiene - styrene copolymer (MBS): MBS is to polybutadiene or butadiene - styrene emulsion , methyl methacrylate graft copolymerized . Adding MBS resin can improve the impact toughness of PVC , polyvinyl chloride increase the transparency , but poor aging resistance of MBS , MBS higher rubber content , the higher the impact toughness . MBS added amount is generally 10% to 17 % is appropriate, more than 30 % of the brittle failure occurs .
③ chlorinated polyethylene (CPE): chlorinated polyethylene of high density polyethylene (HDPE) chlorination , chlorine content is generally 30% to 45% , depending on the resin component , the chlorine content , the molecular structure and morphology different , showing a rigid plastic from the rubber elastic body in different state changes. Molecular weight of 1,000,000 or more CPE is not only good impact resistance , and excellent weather resistance , ABS and MBS overcome the shortcomings of poor weather . In addition , CPE chlorine in a great effect on the size of the modified , low chlorine content , its high crystallinity and poor toughness , high glass transition temperature , poor compatibility with PVC . Chlorine content is too high , CPE 's cohesion is stronger , but relatively poor dispersion . CPE in PVC dosage is generally 5% to 15%. CPE, cold resistance, chemical stability , flame resistance, oil resistance and electrical insulating properties are good .
④ ethylene - vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA): EVA used as modifiers of PVC , the vinyl acetate content should be more than 40 ¥ . EVA good weather resistance, modified PVC products can be used outdoors, but the transparency and tensile strength have declined. The addition of EVA is generally 5% ~ 10%, EVA as the modifier , also be used in the dibasic lead stearate modified polyolefins , to improve weatherability , cold resistance .
⑤ styrene - butadiene = styrene copolymer (SBS): used mainly to change HIPS, PP, PS toughening , cold and impact strength . Added amount is generally 5 % to 10 %, can greatly improve the low temperature impact toughness .
⑥ synthetic rubber and thermoplastic elastomer impact modifier : synthetic rubber and thermoplastic elastomers have excellent toughness, flexibility , high elasticity and excellent low temperature performance, itself has good impact resistance , good impact resistance is changed Xing agent.
POE is an ethylene / octene copolymers, as PE, PP, PA impact modifier to good effect in toughening the same time, to lower rigidity .
EPDM rubber (EPDM), has good flexibility, elasticity , tear resistance , acid and alkali , weather resistance and impact resistance.
The main impact modifiers some simple effects
The reason why certain polymers show brittle at room temperature , which is mainly determined by the structure of the polymer itself . Polymer
The brittleness and its molecular main chain flexibility , the molecular chain of the more flexible , its brittleness is smaller , whereas the greater brittleness . All Movies
A flexible polymer chain affected by factors such as the main chain structure , a substituted group, the polymerization degree , crosslinking degree of the polymer can affect the brittle
Sex . To improve the toughness of the heat stabilizer for foaming board material , the following three main ways : in
Rubber component introduced into the polymer structure , as in the bulk polymerization of styrene butadiene component may be introduced in
Preparation of high-impact polystyrene
HIPS, which in situ in the reaction kettle modification techniques suitable for mass production . In
Introducing the polymer backbone monomers low glass transition temperature , such as bisphenol
A polycarbonate raw
Production . Through
After some modification method would have the effect of toughening complexes were blended with polymer materials ,
Thereby enhancing the impact properties of polymeric materials . Such complexes known as impact modifiers , these additives is mainly used polyvinyl chloride
Ene, polystyrene and other plastics . The PVC lubricant modified method has the freedom and flexibility characteristics.
1.1
Mechanism of impact modifier
The impact modifier in the polymer research, although there are a large number of scholars have carried out a series of fruitful work , but to
Today there are some issues unresolved , so it is no unified theory. Different scholars have proposed a different interpretation ,
Summarized in the following: rubber absorbs energy theory , shear yield theory, theory of cracks , crazing shear zone management
On other . Due to the use of rubber or elastomer -modified impact of plastics material will also reduce the rigidity of the self
Since there has been replaced by rigid particles of rubber and elastomer toughened polymers ideas, and the corresponding emergence of non-
Rigid polymer particle toughening machine theory .
Rubber absorbs energy theory
Is stretched when the cross section is substantially found not shrink , thereby setting
Want to cavitation occurs inside the material and the density becomes small ( approximately 8% reduction )
Year. They think its elongation stress whitening phenomenon
Is generated within the material of the hole caused by the scattering of light . Therefore, the argument put forward : when the material strain , in its internal generated a lot of very fine cracks , then there must be a
Of rubber particles across the crack , thus preventing rapid crack
Rapid expansion , while the rubber particles in its consumption of energy during deformation due
, Thereby improving the toughness of the material . As shown, located
Rubber particles in a growth of the crack face , such that material by
To break the impact absorbed energy equal to the PVC profile stabilizer Brittle Fracture
We can add on to be broken rubber particles acting combined. While
Explained tensile yield , must assume the formation of a large number of micro- cracks in the rubber particles absorb energy schematic
And each micro-cracks were blocked by rubber particles , micro-cracks are adjacent the substrate a thin layer of polystyrene are separated . Thus, a large tensile strain can be micro- cracks open, the rubber particles are
Elongated and polystyrene layers bend to achieve. Accordingly, they assume that the rubber particles have a "bridge " effect as well as particles having a high flexibility and good adhesion to the substrate with the premise . This theory is that it is the lack of attention to the rubber , while ignoring the polymer matrix . Toughened polystyrene and polyvinyl chloride is concerned, both in the fracture behavior of a significant difference , which is not easy to explain the theory of micro-cracks
The brittleness and its molecular main chain flexibility , the molecular chain of the more flexible , its brittleness is smaller , whereas the greater brittleness . All Movies
A flexible polymer chain affected by factors such as the main chain structure , a substituted group, the polymerization degree , crosslinking degree of the polymer can affect the brittle
Sex . To improve the toughness of the heat stabilizer for foaming board material , the following three main ways : in
Rubber component introduced into the polymer structure , as in the bulk polymerization of styrene butadiene component may be introduced in
Preparation of high-impact polystyrene
HIPS, which in situ in the reaction kettle modification techniques suitable for mass production . In
Introducing the polymer backbone monomers low glass transition temperature , such as bisphenol
A polycarbonate raw
Production . Through
After some modification method would have the effect of toughening complexes were blended with polymer materials ,
Thereby enhancing the impact properties of polymeric materials . Such complexes known as impact modifiers , these additives is mainly used polyvinyl chloride
Ene, polystyrene and other plastics . The PVC lubricant modified method has the freedom and flexibility characteristics.
1.1
Mechanism of impact modifier
The impact modifier in the polymer research, although there are a large number of scholars have carried out a series of fruitful work , but to
Today there are some issues unresolved , so it is no unified theory. Different scholars have proposed a different interpretation ,
Summarized in the following: rubber absorbs energy theory , shear yield theory, theory of cracks , crazing shear zone management
On other . Due to the use of rubber or elastomer -modified impact of plastics material will also reduce the rigidity of the self
Since there has been replaced by rigid particles of rubber and elastomer toughened polymers ideas, and the corresponding emergence of non-
Rigid polymer particle toughening machine theory .
Rubber absorbs energy theory
Is stretched when the cross section is substantially found not shrink , thereby setting
Want to cavitation occurs inside the material and the density becomes small ( approximately 8% reduction )
Year. They think its elongation stress whitening phenomenon
Is generated within the material of the hole caused by the scattering of light . Therefore, the argument put forward : when the material strain , in its internal generated a lot of very fine cracks , then there must be a
Of rubber particles across the crack , thus preventing rapid crack
Rapid expansion , while the rubber particles in its consumption of energy during deformation due
, Thereby improving the toughness of the material . As shown, located
Rubber particles in a growth of the crack face , such that material by
To break the impact absorbed energy equal to the PVC profile stabilizer Brittle Fracture
We can add on to be broken rubber particles acting combined. While
Explained tensile yield , must assume the formation of a large number of micro- cracks in the rubber particles absorb energy schematic
And each micro-cracks were blocked by rubber particles , micro-cracks are adjacent the substrate a thin layer of polystyrene are separated . Thus, a large tensile strain can be micro- cracks open, the rubber particles are
Elongated and polystyrene layers bend to achieve. Accordingly, they assume that the rubber particles have a "bridge " effect as well as particles having a high flexibility and good adhesion to the substrate with the premise . This theory is that it is the lack of attention to the rubber , while ignoring the polymer matrix . Toughened polystyrene and polyvinyl chloride is concerned, both in the fracture behavior of a significant difference , which is not easy to explain the theory of micro-cracks
2013年9月21日星期六
PVC stabilizer master some role in some of the major
PVC primary stabilizers are those have a stabilizing effect when used alone, the compound and the secondary stabilizer is an invalid who used alone with the primary stabilizer compounds Shique synergistic effect . Some primary stabilizer or between certain to choose between the PVC
stabilizer for cable main and auxiliary stabilizers act synergistically after use . First, the base of the lead salt base lead salts are used in PVC earliest and most widely used of a heat stabilizer , alkaline , and it could be heated with PVC, HCl produced REACTED stability. From toxicity, stain resistance and product transparency point of view, lead salt is not ideal. But its stabilizing effect is good, inexpensive, it is still used extensively for cheap PVC extrusion and calendered products . Because it has excellent electrical properties and low water absorption, the PVC is widely used as electrical insulation products , albums and foam stabilizers. 1.1 , tribasic lead sulfate ( also known as tribasic lead sulfate ) white powder , specific gravity 7.10 , sweet , toxic ; hygroscopic , non- flammable and corrosive . Insoluble in water, but soluble in hot ammonium acetate , wet decomposition of the light will change color . Index 2.1 , and used as electrical insulation products stabilizer. 1.2 Dibasic lead phosphate which is a fine needle-like crystalline powder ; specific gravity 6.1 , sweet and toxic ; 200 ℃ or so into a gray-black , 450 ℃ or so turns yellow . This product is not soluble in water and organic solvents , soluble in hydrochloric acid. Refractive index 2.25 , with an antioxidant effect, is an excellent weather resistance stabilizers. Second, the metal soaps metal soaps also a widely used class of PVC heat stabilizer. In carboxylic acid barium, cadmium carboxylate , zinc carboxylate , carboxylic acid , or a mixture of elemental calcium use . Its stabilizing effect is due to it in the beginning of PVC molecular chain decomposition of the place where esterification . Stabilizing effect and the strength of the metal ratio of metal soap , a carboxylic acid type, and the existence of such formulations phosphite , epoxidized oils , the antioxidant synergists . Including cadmium and zinc soap soap greatest stabilizing effect . 2.1 Lead stearate which is a fine powder , is insoluble in water , soluble in hot ethanol and ether. Heated and dissolved in an organic solvent , and then cooling a gum. Case of decomposition of stearic acid and the corresponding lead salts , easy to damp . Has good lubricity , low Plastic impact
modifier melting point and that it has the excellent dispersibility. 2.2,2 - ethyl acetate, lead is soluble solvents and plasticizers. Often dubbed 57-60 % mineral oil or plasticizer was sold. Widely used in foam blowing agent azodicarbonamide activator. 2.3 Lead salicylate which is a white crystalline powder, specific gravity 2.36 , refractive index 1.76 . Both PVC heat stabilizers and light stabilizers . 2.4 , tribasic lead stearate is a white powder , specific gravity 2.15,280-300 ℃ decomposition , the case of high temperature above 100 ℃ caking . Soluble in ether, poisonous , non- flammable and corrosive . Refractive index of 1.60 . This product is good lubricity , good light stability , widely used in PVC formulations title . 2.5 , dibasic lead phthalate white fine crystalline powder , specific gravity 4.5. Insoluble in common solvents. This product is weak , and its base portion and easy carbonation . Refractive index of 1.99. When a formula contains a plasticizer easily saponifiable stabilizing effect than tribasic lead sulfate . 2.6 , three maleate salt of lead ( tribasic lead maleate ) yellowish fine powder , specific gravity 6.0 , refractive index 2.08 , toxic , non- flammable and corrosive , with good color stability , and eliminate unstable diene structure effect. 2.7 , barium stearate fine white powder , barium content 19.5-20.6 % , the proportion of 1.145 , melting point 225 ℃ or more. Insoluble in water, but soluble in hot ethanol . Was heated and dissolved in an organic solvent , after cooling into jelly . Case of decomposition of stearic acid and the corresponding barium salt , easy to damp . Sulfur contamination must be avoided for the selection of the heat stabilizer is used when processed under high temperature lubricant. 2.8 , Osmanthus barium
2.9 , ricinoleic acid, which is a kind of barium yellow-white powder , mp l16-124 ℃, enabling products to obtain good transparency stabilizer. 2.10 , a white fine powder cadmium stearate , cadmium content 16.5-17.5 % , insoluble in water , soluble in hot ethanol , heated and dissolved in an organic solvent, a jelly after cooling , in case decomposed into stearic acid and the corresponding cadmium salt, easy to damp . Is required to have good transparency PVC heat and light stabilizers . 2.11 , cadmium ricinoleate which is a white powder, mp 96-104 ℃, both heat and light stabilizers 2.12 , calcium stearate fine white powder , insoluble in water , soluble in hot ethanol and ether. Case of decomposition of stearic acid and corresponding calcium salt , easy to damp . Is a non-toxic PVC stabilizers and lubricants . Generally not used alone , but often with soap zinc , magnesium soap or vice epoxy stabilizer used in conjunction. 2.13 , castor calcium is a white powder, melting point 74-82 ℃, PVC with a non-toxic stabilizers. 2.14 , zinc stearate fine white powder , insoluble in water , soluble in hot ethanol , turpentine , benzene and other organic solvents. Was heated and dissolved in an organic solvent, after cooling a gum. Case of decomposition of stearic acid and the lead stearate corresponding zinc , easy to damp . Is a non-toxic PVC stabilizers and lubricants. 2.15 , magnesium stearate white powder , specific gravity 1.07 , melting point of pure 85 ℃, industrial mp l08-115 ℃. Slightly soluble in water , soluble in hot ethanol , the case of decomposition of stearic acid and magnesium . This is a non-toxic PVC stabilizers and lubricants , but also phenol and urea formaldehyde resin lubricant. Third, the composite stabilizer 3.1 , liquids and liquid barium cadmium , barium cadmium zinc composite stabilizer such composite stabilizer is mainly used for the processing of soft PVC products , the basic components include : ( a ) barium salt - can be alkyl barium phenol 2 - ethylhexanoic acid , barium laurate , barium , barium benzoic acid and substituted benzoic acid , neodecanoic acid and barium . Barium salt complexes accounted 6-7% salt with cadmium ratio is about 2:1.32 ( as metal , by weight , the same below ) . ( 2 ) cadmium salts - can be 2 - ethylhexanoic acid, cadmium laurate, cadmium , cadmium oleate , phenyl and substituted benzoic acid, cadmium , cadmium naphthenate, neodecanoate, and cadmium . Cadmium salt complexes about 3-4% . ( 3 ) zinc salt - may be 2 - ethylhexanoate , zinc laurate , zinc naphthenate , zinc neodecanoate , benzoic acid and substituted benzoic acid zinc. Accounts for the composite zinc 0.5-1% . ( 4 ) phosphite - may be triphenyl phosphite , diphenyl phosphite, an octyl diphenyl phosphite, a decyl phosphite, tris ( nonylphenyl ), etc. In the phosphite complexes about 15-20 % ( by weight ) , as a chelating agent . ( 5 ) Other - include minor amounts of 2,6 - tert-butyl -p-cresol , bisphenol A, nonylphenol and other phenolic antioxidants and ultraviolet absorbers, and a liquid paraffin , white oil, diesel oil, spindle oil mineral oil as solvent , and the need small amount of antifoaming agent such as a higher alcohol . Liquid barium cadmium zinc composite stabilizer because different composition , properties are also different. But is generally pale yellow to yellow clear liquid , specific gravity 0.95-1.02 at room temperature , the viscosity of less than 100 cps , freezing point at -15 ℃ or so. Liquid Ba Ba Cd, Zn and Cd , and similar liquids , has excellent heat and light stability ; initial coloration is small, good transparency and color stability. Their stabilizing effect than solid composite soaps , therefore, may reduce the amount of , usually 2-3 parts , the dust does not occur poisoning, and completely dissolved in the plasticizer in the general , good dispersion, small tendency to precipitate . Wherein the liquid barium cadmium zinc early color than the liquid barium cadmium smaller. 3.2 Liquid Ba-Zn complexes are generally pale yellow to yellow-brown oily liquid , specific gravity of 1.0-1.1 at room temperature , good heat resistance , pollution from sulfur , with an epoxy plasticizer and used to increase the stabilizing effect on the hair foam agents are activation. 3.3 , non-toxic liquid calcium zinc complexes of liquid calcium zinc stabilizer main ingredients are calcium stearate , castor oil , calcium , zinc stearate , castor oil , zinc and epoxy soybean oil , ultraviolet absorber. Liquid calcium zinc stabilizer off
2.9 , ricinoleic acid, which is a kind of barium yellow-white powder , mp l16-124 ℃, enabling products to obtain good transparency stabilizer. 2.10 , a white fine powder cadmium stearate , cadmium content 16.5-17.5 % , insoluble in water , soluble in hot ethanol , heated and dissolved in an organic solvent, a jelly after cooling , in case decomposed into stearic acid and the corresponding cadmium salt, easy to damp . Is required to have good transparency PVC heat and light stabilizers . 2.11 , cadmium ricinoleate which is a white powder, mp 96-104 ℃, both heat and light stabilizers 2.12 , calcium stearate fine white powder , insoluble in water , soluble in hot ethanol and ether. Case of decomposition of stearic acid and corresponding calcium salt , easy to damp . Is a non-toxic PVC stabilizers and lubricants . Generally not used alone , but often with soap zinc , magnesium soap or vice epoxy stabilizer used in conjunction. 2.13 , castor calcium is a white powder, melting point 74-82 ℃, PVC with a non-toxic stabilizers. 2.14 , zinc stearate fine white powder , insoluble in water , soluble in hot ethanol , turpentine , benzene and other organic solvents. Was heated and dissolved in an organic solvent, after cooling a gum. Case of decomposition of stearic acid and the lead stearate corresponding zinc , easy to damp . Is a non-toxic PVC stabilizers and lubricants. 2.15 , magnesium stearate white powder , specific gravity 1.07 , melting point of pure 85 ℃, industrial mp l08-115 ℃. Slightly soluble in water , soluble in hot ethanol , the case of decomposition of stearic acid and magnesium . This is a non-toxic PVC stabilizers and lubricants , but also phenol and urea formaldehyde resin lubricant. Third, the composite stabilizer 3.1 , liquids and liquid barium cadmium , barium cadmium zinc composite stabilizer such composite stabilizer is mainly used for the processing of soft PVC products , the basic components include : ( a ) barium salt - can be alkyl barium phenol 2 - ethylhexanoic acid , barium laurate , barium , barium benzoic acid and substituted benzoic acid , neodecanoic acid and barium . Barium salt complexes accounted 6-7% salt with cadmium ratio is about 2:1.32 ( as metal , by weight , the same below ) . ( 2 ) cadmium salts - can be 2 - ethylhexanoic acid, cadmium laurate, cadmium , cadmium oleate , phenyl and substituted benzoic acid, cadmium , cadmium naphthenate, neodecanoate, and cadmium . Cadmium salt complexes about 3-4% . ( 3 ) zinc salt - may be 2 - ethylhexanoate , zinc laurate , zinc naphthenate , zinc neodecanoate , benzoic acid and substituted benzoic acid zinc. Accounts for the composite zinc 0.5-1% . ( 4 ) phosphite - may be triphenyl phosphite , diphenyl phosphite, an octyl diphenyl phosphite, a decyl phosphite, tris ( nonylphenyl ), etc. In the phosphite complexes about 15-20 % ( by weight ) , as a chelating agent . ( 5 ) Other - include minor amounts of 2,6 - tert-butyl -p-cresol , bisphenol A, nonylphenol and other phenolic antioxidants and ultraviolet absorbers, and a liquid paraffin , white oil, diesel oil, spindle oil mineral oil as solvent , and the need small amount of antifoaming agent such as a higher alcohol . Liquid barium cadmium zinc composite stabilizer because different composition , properties are also different. But is generally pale yellow to yellow clear liquid , specific gravity 0.95-1.02 at room temperature , the viscosity of less than 100 cps , freezing point at -15 ℃ or so. Liquid Ba Ba Cd, Zn and Cd , and similar liquids , has excellent heat and light stability ; initial coloration is small, good transparency and color stability. Their stabilizing effect than solid composite soaps , therefore, may reduce the amount of , usually 2-3 parts , the dust does not occur poisoning, and completely dissolved in the plasticizer in the general , good dispersion, small tendency to precipitate . Wherein the liquid barium cadmium zinc early color than the liquid barium cadmium smaller. 3.2 Liquid Ba-Zn complexes are generally pale yellow to yellow-brown oily liquid , specific gravity of 1.0-1.1 at room temperature , good heat resistance , pollution from sulfur , with an epoxy plasticizer and used to increase the stabilizing effect on the hair foam agents are activation. 3.3 , non-toxic liquid calcium zinc complexes of liquid calcium zinc stabilizer main ingredients are calcium stearate , castor oil , calcium , zinc stearate , castor oil , zinc and epoxy soybean oil , ultraviolet absorber. Liquid calcium zinc stabilizer off
Plasticizer industry continues to expand
Plasticizer is the world's largest production and consumption of plastic additives . . With environmental awareness around the world , pharmaceutical and food packaging, daily necessities , toys and other plastic products such as the primary plasticizer DOP of a higher purity and iron
oxide yellow hygiene requirements.
Plasticizer is the world's largest production and consumption of plastic additives . In recent years , China has become Asia plasticizer production and consumption of most countries. With environmental awareness around the world , pharmaceutical and food packaging, daily necessities , toys and other plastic products such as the primary plasticizer DOP of a higher purity and hygiene requirements. But the current domestic production of primary plasticizer in many performance especially health , low toxicity and titanium dioxide so difficult to meet environmental requirements. EU imports from China and Russia have found plastic toys originating in China some of the plastic toys found to contain toxic PVC plasticized N- a isononyl phthalate (DINP) and dibutyl phthalate ethylhexyl (DEHP, or called DOP).
For a long time mainly phthalate plasticizer products, but with the DOP in the food , pharmaceutical and industrial applications more widely , it is more and more attention to its toxicity . It was zinc borate flame retardant found that when people type in a PVC bag storage of blood, in the human body , especially in the lungs were found to have DOP products exist.
Plasticizer is the world's largest production and consumption of plastic additives . In recent years , China has become Asia plasticizer production and consumption of most countries. With environmental awareness around the world , pharmaceutical and food packaging, daily necessities , toys and other plastic products such as the primary plasticizer DOP of a higher purity and hygiene requirements. But the current domestic production of primary plasticizer in many performance especially health , low toxicity and titanium dioxide so difficult to meet environmental requirements. EU imports from China and Russia have found plastic toys originating in China some of the plastic toys found to contain toxic PVC plasticized N- a isononyl phthalate (DINP) and dibutyl phthalate ethylhexyl (DEHP, or called DOP).
For a long time mainly phthalate plasticizer products, but with the DOP in the food , pharmaceutical and industrial applications more widely , it is more and more attention to its toxicity . It was zinc borate flame retardant found that when people type in a PVC bag storage of blood, in the human body , especially in the lungs were found to have DOP products exist.
2013年9月17日星期二
cleaning products contain fluorescent agents
Cleaning products on the market containing more fluorescent agents, and too alkaline , which will stimulate the child's skin . Many readers call the urban women reported , saying some cleaning products potassium stearate are not marked as containing such ingredients, which can explain cleaning products do not fluorescent agent ? Current urban women reported news Laboratories, select market sales of five kinds of cleaning products for testing, at a wavelength of 365nm was observed under a UV lamp , only special infant detergent contain fluorescent agents , and the PH value of the minimum . Experts said fluorescent agents have potential carcinogenic fluorescent agent is a fluorescent dye , is a complex organic compounds. " A wash industry staff, said fluorescent agent attached to the clothes can absorb ultraviolet light, so the clothes glow bright white light. Due whitening effect is obvious, add it to the heat stabilizer for panel detergent is common industry practice . Currently, marketed detergent , laundry detergent mostly contain this ingredient , those who claim to have "bright whiten and brighten ", " white factor " the efficacy of detergents containing fluorescent agent is more likely . " infants delicate skin, containing fluorescent agent products stimulate stronger. "
" Fluorescent agents as chemicals , absorbed by the body , it will become a potential carcinogen ." School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Professor Liu Si -chuan , a fluorescent agent is not easy to be broken , it will accumulate in the body , its toxic accumulation in the aluminium distearate liver and other organs, and harm. Although the liquid detergent and washing powder fluorescent agent , diluted and rinse residual small, but personal clothing and infant clothes still need special care . " Washing agent containing a fluorescent product labeling ' infant clothing, underwear same applies " inappropriate . "
PH value reflects the absorption index irritation to human skin , too alkaline or too acidic stimulation to the skin both . He said that usually the normal washing powder PH value should be about 8 , if the washing powder PH value greater than 10, then are highly alkaline products. "Although beneficial alkaline washing clothes , but
Is an excess of alkaline substances will bring harm to clothing and skin . "He said , the public can buy PH value test strips at home cleaning products pH .
" Fluorescent agents as chemicals , absorbed by the body , it will become a potential carcinogen ." School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Professor Liu Si -chuan , a fluorescent agent is not easy to be broken , it will accumulate in the body , its toxic accumulation in the aluminium distearate liver and other organs, and harm. Although the liquid detergent and washing powder fluorescent agent , diluted and rinse residual small, but personal clothing and infant clothes still need special care . " Washing agent containing a fluorescent product labeling ' infant clothing, underwear same applies " inappropriate . "
PH value reflects the absorption index irritation to human skin , too alkaline or too acidic stimulation to the skin both . He said that usually the normal washing powder PH value should be about 8 , if the washing powder PH value greater than 10, then are highly alkaline products. "Although beneficial alkaline washing clothes , but
Is an excess of alkaline substances will bring harm to clothing and skin . "He said , the public can buy PH value test strips at home cleaning products pH .
Fluorescent Brightener some of the major role
I: Fluorescent Brightener BC: Appearance light yellow powder. This product is mainly used for cotton , rayon , rayon and pulp and other neutral dye bath whitening treatment .
Two : Fluorescent brightener JD-3: Appearance light yellow powder , soluble in hot water. This product is in neutral tin stabilizer or slightly alkaline conditions, for synthetic detergent , soap , paper and textiles whitening.
Three : Fluorescent brightener advance 31 #: Appearance light yellow powder , the product is mainly used for synthetic detergent , soap , soap , paper whitening , also used cotton fabric , nylon , rayon and other whitening can be whitening substance that is added Baifa Liang . IV: Fluorescent Brightener Dioctyl phthalate BR ( Brightener BL): sodium salt composition of DSD phenylisocyanate condensates , the appearance of a pale yellow powder , an anionic , microstrip red purple. 2% solution clarified , more than 95% through a 60 mesh sieve. Five: Fluorescent Brightener EBF Composition: This product is mainly used for polyester, nylon and acetate fiber whitening can liquid stabilizer also be used for synthetic fiber and cotton, wool blended fabric whitening . Six : Fluorescent brightener R: DSD sodium salt composition of phenyl isocyanate condensates , the appearance is white to pale yellow powder. This product is mainly used as a synthetic brighteners .
Eight : Fluorescent Brightener ER ( brightener PS-1): This product is used for polyester, polyester / cotton blended fabric whitening . Treated fabric with its whiteness, shade net . Has excellent washability , light fastness and resistance to sublimation .
Two : Fluorescent brightener JD-3: Appearance light yellow powder , soluble in hot water. This product is in neutral tin stabilizer or slightly alkaline conditions, for synthetic detergent , soap , paper and textiles whitening.
Three : Fluorescent brightener advance 31 #: Appearance light yellow powder , the product is mainly used for synthetic detergent , soap , soap , paper whitening , also used cotton fabric , nylon , rayon and other whitening can be whitening substance that is added Baifa Liang . IV: Fluorescent Brightener Dioctyl phthalate BR ( Brightener BL): sodium salt composition of DSD phenylisocyanate condensates , the appearance of a pale yellow powder , an anionic , microstrip red purple. 2% solution clarified , more than 95% through a 60 mesh sieve. Five: Fluorescent Brightener EBF Composition: This product is mainly used for polyester, nylon and acetate fiber whitening can liquid stabilizer also be used for synthetic fiber and cotton, wool blended fabric whitening . Six : Fluorescent brightener R: DSD sodium salt composition of phenyl isocyanate condensates , the appearance is white to pale yellow powder. This product is mainly used as a synthetic brighteners .
Eight : Fluorescent Brightener ER ( brightener PS-1): This product is used for polyester, polyester / cotton blended fabric whitening . Treated fabric with its whiteness, shade net . Has excellent washability , light fastness and resistance to sublimation .
2013年9月16日星期一
PVC with a metal soap stabilizers which
Metal soap as a stabilizer , mainly for the plastics industry , particularly PVC use more. Stabilizers for PVC , mostly cadmium, barium, calcium, zinc , aluminum, magnesium salts of higher fatty Diethylene glycol dibenzoate acids , especially stearic acid and lauric acid salts. They play the role of hydrogen chloride acceptor , a carboxyl group and a metal soap PVC replacement reaction of the chlorine atoms , the esterification of PVC stabilized. In most cases, the esterification reaction rate ZnCdPdCaBa. Because cadmium toxicity, have now banned . Zinc soap is best complementary stabilizer, but long-term stability is poor , the price cheaper , non-toxic , can be used in food packaging films . Common Ownership zinc stearate , zinc laurate , ... PVC heat stabilizers generally based on processing tribasic lead sulfate ( three salt ) , dibasic lead stearate ( two salt ) -based, then add aluminum hydroxide a small amount of lead stearate ( hard lead ) and calcium stearate ( hard calcium ) , may be used alone , can be reasonable, made of composite lead salt stabilizer. The toxicity of lead cause for great concern , three salt , two lead salt stabilizer higher indifferent people , and thus the metal soap -based heat stabilizer ( particularly a lead-free metal soap ) for people concerned , the thermal stability of the metal soap mechanism has become a hot topic. Because PVC heat stabilizers in the production aspect is protected by patents , so there is no reported its exact composition and potassium soap content . Commercial heat stabilizers are commercially available mixture of various compounds . Mixture is better than pure substances stabilizing effect . Meanwhile , in dealing PVC heat stabilizers are required to carefully consider its toxicity. PVC, processors and consumers should pay attention to warnings about the toxicity of stabilizer .
zinc stearate some of the main hazards
Zinc stearate : Mixture Zn (C18H35O2) 2 632.2
WARNING ! Dust in the air to form an explosive concentration
Hazard class hazardous .
Health Hazard Class 2 - Moderate ( biological )
Ene hazard class 2 can - Moderate
Reactivity level 1 - mild
Zinc stearate : skin contact, eye contact , chronic exposure , medical history contraindications , excessive inhalation PVC heat stabilizer for profile of dust can cause coughing and breathing difficulties. Eating large doses can cause abdominal cramps and diarrhea. Cause skin irritation ; prolonged contact may cause skin eczema. Cause eye swelling and pain . Excessive inhalation may cause long-term worsening of the chemical pneumoconiosis, verticillium wilt and pulmonary edema. Persons suffering from skin diseases, respiratory failure or pulmonary disease who avoid exposure to such dust calcium stearate dissolved in toluene , ethanol, benzene and other Polyethylene wax organic solvents , insoluble in water , slowly heated to 400 ℃, decomposition, combustible , case decomposition of stearic acid and corresponding calcium salt , water absorption, non-toxic. Calcium stearate as PVC stabilizers and lubricants , non-toxic , non- polluting sulfide . Long-term thermal stability.
Calcium stearate uses:
Calcium stearate heat stabilizer for PVC and a variety of plastics processing lubricant , release agent . In rigid products , and the base of lead salts , lead soap can increase the coagulation of speed. Also used in food packaging, medical equipment and other requirements nontoxic soft iron oxide yellow film and equipment. Can be made of polyethylene , polypropylene , halogen absorbent to remove residual catalyst and stability of color adverse effects. As a plasticizer in rubber processing , grease thickening agent, textile waterproofing agent , paint flatting agents, plasticizers and other manufacturing plastic album . Also used in pencil manufacturing and pharmaceutical , perfume industry .
WARNING ! Dust in the air to form an explosive concentration
Hazard class hazardous .
Health Hazard Class 2 - Moderate ( biological )
Ene hazard class 2 can - Moderate
Reactivity level 1 - mild
Zinc stearate : skin contact, eye contact , chronic exposure , medical history contraindications , excessive inhalation PVC heat stabilizer for profile of dust can cause coughing and breathing difficulties. Eating large doses can cause abdominal cramps and diarrhea. Cause skin irritation ; prolonged contact may cause skin eczema. Cause eye swelling and pain . Excessive inhalation may cause long-term worsening of the chemical pneumoconiosis, verticillium wilt and pulmonary edema. Persons suffering from skin diseases, respiratory failure or pulmonary disease who avoid exposure to such dust calcium stearate dissolved in toluene , ethanol, benzene and other Polyethylene wax organic solvents , insoluble in water , slowly heated to 400 ℃, decomposition, combustible , case decomposition of stearic acid and corresponding calcium salt , water absorption, non-toxic. Calcium stearate as PVC stabilizers and lubricants , non-toxic , non- polluting sulfide . Long-term thermal stability.
Calcium stearate uses:
Calcium stearate heat stabilizer for PVC and a variety of plastics processing lubricant , release agent . In rigid products , and the base of lead salts , lead soap can increase the coagulation of speed. Also used in food packaging, medical equipment and other requirements nontoxic soft iron oxide yellow film and equipment. Can be made of polyethylene , polypropylene , halogen absorbent to remove residual catalyst and stability of color adverse effects. As a plasticizer in rubber processing , grease thickening agent, textile waterproofing agent , paint flatting agents, plasticizers and other manufacturing plastic album . Also used in pencil manufacturing and pharmaceutical , perfume industry .
2013年9月15日星期日
plasticizer industry continues to change
Plasticizer is the world's largest production and consumption of plastic additives . In recent years, environmental awareness around the world , pharmaceutical and food packaging, daily Aluminum hydroxide necessities , toys and other plastic products such as the primary plasticizer DOP of a higher purity and hygiene requirements.
Plasticizer is the world's largest production and consumption of plastic additives . In recent years , China has become Asia plasticizer production and consumption of most countries. With environmental awareness around the world , pharmaceutical and food packaging, daily necessities , toys and other plastic products such as the primary plasticizer DOP of a higher purity and hygiene requirements. But the current domestic Chlorinated paraffin production of primary plasticizer in many performance especially health , low toxicity and so difficult to meet environmental requirements. EU imports from China and Russia have found plastic toys originating in China some of the plastic toys found to contain toxic PVC plasticized N- a isononyl phthalate (DINP) and dibutyl phthalate ethylhexyl (DEHP, or called DOP).
For a long time mainly phthalate plasticizer products, but with the DOP in the food , pharmaceutical and industrial applications more widely , it is more and more attention to its toxicity . It was stearic acid found that when people type in a PVC bag storage of blood, in the human body , especially in the lungs were found to have DOP products exist.
Plasticizer is the world's largest production and consumption of plastic additives . In recent years , China has become Asia plasticizer production and consumption of most countries. With environmental awareness around the world , pharmaceutical and food packaging, daily necessities , toys and other plastic products such as the primary plasticizer DOP of a higher purity and hygiene requirements. But the current domestic Chlorinated paraffin production of primary plasticizer in many performance especially health , low toxicity and so difficult to meet environmental requirements. EU imports from China and Russia have found plastic toys originating in China some of the plastic toys found to contain toxic PVC plasticized N- a isononyl phthalate (DINP) and dibutyl phthalate ethylhexyl (DEHP, or called DOP).
For a long time mainly phthalate plasticizer products, but with the DOP in the food , pharmaceutical and industrial applications more widely , it is more and more attention to its toxicity . It was stearic acid found that when people type in a PVC bag storage of blood, in the human body , especially in the lungs were found to have DOP products exist.
PVC plasticizer type of presentation
In the processing of PVC , the plasticizer used in applications with various additives to the largest , so it is much higher than other additives investment , even in some formulations softer material than the main raw material of vinyl chloride resin investments. Therefore, the importance of a plasticizer selected without saying lose.
The choice of plasticizers
PVC is a highly polar polymer , a great intermolecular force , to be heated to a certain temperature in order to show aluminium stearate the plastic . PVC strong intermolecular forces to make products become hard and inflexible and flexibility. The role of a plasticizer PVC to weaken the force between molecules , thereby reducing the softening temperature , reducing the melt viscosity , increase mobility and improve the processing properties of PVC and products of flexibility.
Less volatile plasticizer is usually a high boiling ester , a few are a low melting solid , they do not generally react with PVC . Conditions of use of plasticizers with the resin has good compatibility , low price, high plasticization efficiency , plasticized speed, durability ( low volatility Yi shift is small, high extraction resistance ) , environmental stability good ( light, heat resistance, bacterial resistance, chemical resistance and flame retardant ) , health is good ( to people, livestock and crops, non-toxic, non- polluting , tasteless ) , electrical insulation , good viscosity stability is good. However, a plasticizer does not satisfy all the conditions . In actual use , the majority is composed of two or more and for each other, to get the best plasticizing effect and achieve perfect performance requirements. Plasticizer in a formulation used to make the products have reached the optimum value of all the performance is impossible, therefore , to ensure that the choice of plasticizer when the first major performance requirements. Such as children's toys and food packaging and other requirements are mainly non-toxic , beautiful appearance ; plastic sheeting requirements Azodicarbonamide harmless to crops , light , heat ; wire and cable materials are the main requirements and good electrical insulation . In addition to these requirements, the plasticizer should also focus on the selection of the following factors : PVC resin performance ; product performance required ; plasticizer processing adaptability , cost . Consider the performance of the plasticizer itself , compatibility of the plasticizer most important, it is a plasticizer selected fundamental factors must be considered . Plasticizer and resin compatibility, then plasticized high efficiency , plasticizers no segregation, no exudation , product flexibility and long service life . In the production practice , plasticizers in polymers mainly based on the compatibility with the test quality and experience to determine. Compatibility evaluation method is simple plasticizers, resins , and a suitable solvent by mixing , to prepare a homogeneous solution was slowly cast into a film , its transparency is observed to judge. Homogeneous transparent film represents good compatibility , fuzzy means poor compatibility . Another method plasticizer PVC resin by mixing uniformly heated to plasticizing was cooled to room temperature, and observe any signs of exudate. No description plasticizer exudation good compatibility , oozing plasticizer compatibility explained more worse . According to a general rule, the more similar the easier it immiscible polar . Thus , the solubility parameter of the plasticizer and resin solubility parameter closer . Both compatibility as possible. Dielectric constant is a function of molecular polarity , dipole moment , and it is subject to great influence of hydrogen bonds . Determine the dielectric constant can be used as a plasticizer compatibility parameter. According to the solubility parameter of PVC , plasticizers generally used 8.4-11.4 solubility parameter , dielectric constant of 4-8.
A wide variety of plasticizers
Phthalate, di (2 - ethylhexyl ) ester referred to DOP, English name Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate. It is phthalic anhydride , and 2 - ethylhexanol the ester obtained as a colorless or light yellow transparent oily liquid. There are two special smell octyl , molecular weight 391 , acid value (mgKOH / g) ≤ 0.10, ester content of 99% -100 % , the relative density of 0.980-0.986 (25 ℃), the viscosity of 80cp (20 ℃), refractive index 1.4830 - 1.4859 (20 ℃), volume resistivity of 1 × 1011Ω · cm. DOP is plastic processing one of the most widely used plasticizer , with excellent overall performance. DOP plasticized high efficiency, low volatility , resistance to ultraviolet light, water extraction , Yi shift is small , and cold resistance, flexibility and electrical performance so well, is a kind of ideal primary plasticizer , but also domestic consumption maximum plasticizer. In Hong Kong, Taiwan and foreign advanced production regions due octanol and price issues and debate on the issue DOP carcinogenic , it has been gradually replaced by other plasticizers . Di-n -butyl phthalate referred DBP, English name Di-n-butylphthalate, from phthalic anhydride and n-butanol esterification colorless oily liquid with an aromatic flavor. Jacket , plastic sheeting . This product is heated and easy to change , with the phenolic antioxidants ( such as bisphenol A) and used to improve this performance.
Phthalate isononylphtalate referred DINP, English name Dinonylphthalate. It is composed of phthalic anhydride with Oxo get nonanol ( mainly 3,5,5 - trimethyl- ethanol ) esterification colorless liquid , molecular weight 419 , acidity ( o- phthalic acid ) < 0.025% ester content of > 99% , the relative density of 0.965-0.972 (25 ℃), viscosity 78-120cp (20 ℃), flash point 219 ℃, refractive index 1.4812 (25 ℃). This product is mainly used as a general-purpose vinyl resin plasticizer , low volatility, Yi shift is small , can give products a good light resistance, heat resistance, aging resistance and electrical insulation. This product is water extractable than DOP good, but Stabilizers for pipe not as plasticizing efficiency DOP, cold resistance is also poor , not for low temperature applications products. As prices and superior quality reasons DOP, now Hong Kong and Taiwan and foreign advanced countries and regions as the primary plasticizer used to replace DOP use .
Paraffin English name is chlorinated-paraffin, chlorinated paraffin is obtained , having a similar structure of PVC , is a kind of incremental plasticizer. This product is volatile , electrically insulating excellent flame , to give the products a certain luster and tensile strength , can be used as an auxiliary plasticizer PVC resin , replacing part of the main plasticizer to reduce costs. Chlorinated paraffins susceptible to thermal decomposition processing , release hydrogen chloride , hydrogen chloride can catalyze the degradation of PVC resin accelerate decomposition. Therefore, the use of chlorinated paraffin , should match the appropriate thermal stabilizers to prevent decomposition. In addition , the compatibility with PVC, chlorinated paraffin poor elongation and cold products is poor.
Poly- α- methyl styrene resin English called poly α-methystyremeresin. By α- methyl styrene polymerization, has excellent thermal stability, chemical resistance and electrical properties. Its Yat shift is small, suitable for all kinds of PVC products, the general amount of 10% -20% , the product can improve the electrical insulation products , improve product appearance features and smooth feel .
The choice of plasticizers
PVC is a highly polar polymer , a great intermolecular force , to be heated to a certain temperature in order to show aluminium stearate the plastic . PVC strong intermolecular forces to make products become hard and inflexible and flexibility. The role of a plasticizer PVC to weaken the force between molecules , thereby reducing the softening temperature , reducing the melt viscosity , increase mobility and improve the processing properties of PVC and products of flexibility.
Less volatile plasticizer is usually a high boiling ester , a few are a low melting solid , they do not generally react with PVC . Conditions of use of plasticizers with the resin has good compatibility , low price, high plasticization efficiency , plasticized speed, durability ( low volatility Yi shift is small, high extraction resistance ) , environmental stability good ( light, heat resistance, bacterial resistance, chemical resistance and flame retardant ) , health is good ( to people, livestock and crops, non-toxic, non- polluting , tasteless ) , electrical insulation , good viscosity stability is good. However, a plasticizer does not satisfy all the conditions . In actual use , the majority is composed of two or more and for each other, to get the best plasticizing effect and achieve perfect performance requirements. Plasticizer in a formulation used to make the products have reached the optimum value of all the performance is impossible, therefore , to ensure that the choice of plasticizer when the first major performance requirements. Such as children's toys and food packaging and other requirements are mainly non-toxic , beautiful appearance ; plastic sheeting requirements Azodicarbonamide harmless to crops , light , heat ; wire and cable materials are the main requirements and good electrical insulation . In addition to these requirements, the plasticizer should also focus on the selection of the following factors : PVC resin performance ; product performance required ; plasticizer processing adaptability , cost . Consider the performance of the plasticizer itself , compatibility of the plasticizer most important, it is a plasticizer selected fundamental factors must be considered . Plasticizer and resin compatibility, then plasticized high efficiency , plasticizers no segregation, no exudation , product flexibility and long service life . In the production practice , plasticizers in polymers mainly based on the compatibility with the test quality and experience to determine. Compatibility evaluation method is simple plasticizers, resins , and a suitable solvent by mixing , to prepare a homogeneous solution was slowly cast into a film , its transparency is observed to judge. Homogeneous transparent film represents good compatibility , fuzzy means poor compatibility . Another method plasticizer PVC resin by mixing uniformly heated to plasticizing was cooled to room temperature, and observe any signs of exudate. No description plasticizer exudation good compatibility , oozing plasticizer compatibility explained more worse . According to a general rule, the more similar the easier it immiscible polar . Thus , the solubility parameter of the plasticizer and resin solubility parameter closer . Both compatibility as possible. Dielectric constant is a function of molecular polarity , dipole moment , and it is subject to great influence of hydrogen bonds . Determine the dielectric constant can be used as a plasticizer compatibility parameter. According to the solubility parameter of PVC , plasticizers generally used 8.4-11.4 solubility parameter , dielectric constant of 4-8.
A wide variety of plasticizers
Phthalate, di (2 - ethylhexyl ) ester referred to DOP, English name Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate. It is phthalic anhydride , and 2 - ethylhexanol the ester obtained as a colorless or light yellow transparent oily liquid. There are two special smell octyl , molecular weight 391 , acid value (mgKOH / g) ≤ 0.10, ester content of 99% -100 % , the relative density of 0.980-0.986 (25 ℃), the viscosity of 80cp (20 ℃), refractive index 1.4830 - 1.4859 (20 ℃), volume resistivity of 1 × 1011Ω · cm. DOP is plastic processing one of the most widely used plasticizer , with excellent overall performance. DOP plasticized high efficiency, low volatility , resistance to ultraviolet light, water extraction , Yi shift is small , and cold resistance, flexibility and electrical performance so well, is a kind of ideal primary plasticizer , but also domestic consumption maximum plasticizer. In Hong Kong, Taiwan and foreign advanced production regions due octanol and price issues and debate on the issue DOP carcinogenic , it has been gradually replaced by other plasticizers . Di-n -butyl phthalate referred DBP, English name Di-n-butylphthalate, from phthalic anhydride and n-butanol esterification colorless oily liquid with an aromatic flavor. Jacket , plastic sheeting . This product is heated and easy to change , with the phenolic antioxidants ( such as bisphenol A) and used to improve this performance.
Phthalate isononylphtalate referred DINP, English name Dinonylphthalate. It is composed of phthalic anhydride with Oxo get nonanol ( mainly 3,5,5 - trimethyl- ethanol ) esterification colorless liquid , molecular weight 419 , acidity ( o- phthalic acid ) < 0.025% ester content of > 99% , the relative density of 0.965-0.972 (25 ℃), viscosity 78-120cp (20 ℃), flash point 219 ℃, refractive index 1.4812 (25 ℃). This product is mainly used as a general-purpose vinyl resin plasticizer , low volatility, Yi shift is small , can give products a good light resistance, heat resistance, aging resistance and electrical insulation. This product is water extractable than DOP good, but Stabilizers for pipe not as plasticizing efficiency DOP, cold resistance is also poor , not for low temperature applications products. As prices and superior quality reasons DOP, now Hong Kong and Taiwan and foreign advanced countries and regions as the primary plasticizer used to replace DOP use .
Paraffin English name is chlorinated-paraffin, chlorinated paraffin is obtained , having a similar structure of PVC , is a kind of incremental plasticizer. This product is volatile , electrically insulating excellent flame , to give the products a certain luster and tensile strength , can be used as an auxiliary plasticizer PVC resin , replacing part of the main plasticizer to reduce costs. Chlorinated paraffins susceptible to thermal decomposition processing , release hydrogen chloride , hydrogen chloride can catalyze the degradation of PVC resin accelerate decomposition. Therefore, the use of chlorinated paraffin , should match the appropriate thermal stabilizers to prevent decomposition. In addition , the compatibility with PVC, chlorinated paraffin poor elongation and cold products is poor.
Poly- α- methyl styrene resin English called poly α-methystyremeresin. By α- methyl styrene polymerization, has excellent thermal stability, chemical resistance and electrical properties. Its Yat shift is small, suitable for all kinds of PVC products, the general amount of 10% -20% , the product can improve the electrical insulation products , improve product appearance features and smooth feel .
2013年9月13日星期五
Glycerol zinc and PVC heat stabilizer
Glycerin zinc can do as PVC heat stabilizers ?
Commonly used calcium and zinc heat stabilizer nontoxic, inexpensive, good lubrication , but poor thermal stability , and zinc soap often caused by products " zinc burning" , we must antimony trioxide develop new and efficient Ca-Zn composite heat stabilizer. This cheap and easily obtained using glycerol and zinc oxide as raw materials , zinc complexes synthesized glycerol ( glycerine referred zinc ) , tested its heat stabilizers for PVC thermal stability , and the zinc complex of glycerol was studied . Using Congo red paper , thermal oven aging test method and the rheometer tests to compare zinc stearate , zinc complexes titanium dioxide rutile of glycerol ( glycerine referred zinc ) as polyvinyl chloride (PVC heat stabilizers ) thermal stabilization studied , and the zinc complex of glycerol were studied ; also studied for PVC stabilizers of weatherability . The results show that zinc and calcium stearate of glycerol in the mass ratio of 1.0/l.5 has good synergy , glycerin , calcium zinc aim month and month more epoxidized soybean oil and vinegar, triphenyl phosphite mass ratio of 1.0 / l.5/0.2/0.2 is better synergies ; glycerol black iron oxide zinc Deng studied more months aimed calcium compound heat stabilizer for PVC has good thermal stability , PVC and composite heat stabilizer mass ratio 100/0.9 when , PVC heat stabilizers Congo red test time up to 25, llirl, heat drying time aging test thermal stability up to 130: llin. In addition , the study found epoxidized soybean oil and triphenyl phosphite cool Shuo more months for zinc stearate , calcium compound heat stabilizer aims also has good synergy.
Commonly used calcium and zinc heat stabilizer nontoxic, inexpensive, good lubrication , but poor thermal stability , and zinc soap often caused by products " zinc burning" , we must antimony trioxide develop new and efficient Ca-Zn composite heat stabilizer. This cheap and easily obtained using glycerol and zinc oxide as raw materials , zinc complexes synthesized glycerol ( glycerine referred zinc ) , tested its heat stabilizers for PVC thermal stability , and the zinc complex of glycerol was studied . Using Congo red paper , thermal oven aging test method and the rheometer tests to compare zinc stearate , zinc complexes titanium dioxide rutile of glycerol ( glycerine referred zinc ) as polyvinyl chloride (PVC heat stabilizers ) thermal stabilization studied , and the zinc complex of glycerol were studied ; also studied for PVC stabilizers of weatherability . The results show that zinc and calcium stearate of glycerol in the mass ratio of 1.0/l.5 has good synergy , glycerin , calcium zinc aim month and month more epoxidized soybean oil and vinegar, triphenyl phosphite mass ratio of 1.0 / l.5/0.2/0.2 is better synergies ; glycerol black iron oxide zinc Deng studied more months aimed calcium compound heat stabilizer for PVC has good thermal stability , PVC and composite heat stabilizer mass ratio 100/0.9 when , PVC heat stabilizers Congo red test time up to 25, llirl, heat drying time aging test thermal stability up to 130: llin. In addition , the study found epoxidized soybean oil and triphenyl phosphite cool Shuo more months for zinc stearate , calcium compound heat stabilizer aims also has good synergy.
PVC heat stabilizers commonly used test method
To introduce PVC heat stabilizers are two common test methods. A process called : Torque Rheometer test method ; second is called roll blackening pilot testing method .
PVC heat stabilizers torque plastic flame retardant rheometer test method
Mimic the actual torque rheometer PVC processing a typical small pilot-type apparatus . Outside of the instrument a closed processing tank , connected to the instrument by the computer can control the machining tank temperature, and within two roll speed , torque rheometer added quality of materials is generally 60 ~ 80 g, depending on the apparatus and different models . Experimental steps of: preparing in advance with different thermal stabilizer masterbatch based on PVC masterbatch formulation , in addition to other ships and ACR, CPE, CaCO3, TiO2, lubricants and the like . Torque Rheometer advance the set temperature , when the temperature rose to specify and steady speed , will be weighed mixture added processing chamber , quickly closed records aluminium stearate on a computer connected to a variety of parameters , namely flow curve . After processing , you can also get different extrudate physical characteristics , such as whiteness, whether shaping , smoothness and so on. These parameters can determine the corresponding potential industrial heat stabilizers , heat stabilizers suitable shall have suitable torque and plasticizing time of the extrudate should be preferably molded and whiteness, surface smoothing . Torque rheometer in laboratory studies and between industrialized mass production to build a convenient bridge.
PVC heat stabilizers roll blackening test
Determination of thermal stability as a PVC stabilizer for fittings dynamic effect of a class of helper methods , dynamic two-roll used in the absence of the rheometer , the experiment instrument select double rolled sheet , which together with the high-speed mixed powder , compression molding , the resulting samples were subjected to extruded repeatedly until the black test piece until completely black record time , the time is called blackening . Blackening by comparing the length of time to determine the type of thermal stabilizer effect of the thermal stability of PVC .
PVC heat stabilizers torque plastic flame retardant rheometer test method
Mimic the actual torque rheometer PVC processing a typical small pilot-type apparatus . Outside of the instrument a closed processing tank , connected to the instrument by the computer can control the machining tank temperature, and within two roll speed , torque rheometer added quality of materials is generally 60 ~ 80 g, depending on the apparatus and different models . Experimental steps of: preparing in advance with different thermal stabilizer masterbatch based on PVC masterbatch formulation , in addition to other ships and ACR, CPE, CaCO3, TiO2, lubricants and the like . Torque Rheometer advance the set temperature , when the temperature rose to specify and steady speed , will be weighed mixture added processing chamber , quickly closed records aluminium stearate on a computer connected to a variety of parameters , namely flow curve . After processing , you can also get different extrudate physical characteristics , such as whiteness, whether shaping , smoothness and so on. These parameters can determine the corresponding potential industrial heat stabilizers , heat stabilizers suitable shall have suitable torque and plasticizing time of the extrudate should be preferably molded and whiteness, surface smoothing . Torque rheometer in laboratory studies and between industrialized mass production to build a convenient bridge.
PVC heat stabilizers roll blackening test
Determination of thermal stability as a PVC stabilizer for fittings dynamic effect of a class of helper methods , dynamic two-roll used in the absence of the rheometer , the experiment instrument select double rolled sheet , which together with the high-speed mixed powder , compression molding , the resulting samples were subjected to extruded repeatedly until the black test piece until completely black record time , the time is called blackening . Blackening by comparing the length of time to determine the type of thermal stabilizer effect of the thermal stability of PVC .
2013年9月12日星期四
impact modifier and processing modifier some of the main features
Impact modifiers and processing modifier
( A ) impact modifiers and processing modifier function
1 , the performance of impact modifier
To improve the impact properties of plastic additives added for the purpose referred to as impact modifier . These Plastic chemical additives can not only improve the impact strength of the resin , but also to improve the processability of the resin . Impact modifier is typically used in rigid PVC , but in polypropylene, polystyrene and modified plastics has universal application. Currently , rigid PVC impact modifier used mainly some copolymer resin or a modified resin such as ABS, MBS, EVA, CPE , and thermoplastic rubber , thermoplastic elastomers , which are widely used as PVC, PE, PP, PS, AS, ABS, PMMA, PA, PC, PBT, PET and so on. Impact modifier may be added into a ductile plastic brittle plastics can be applied only in the normal temperature of the plastic into a plastic used at low temperatures , in addition , can effectively improve the processing properties of plastics .
Ideal resistance modifier should have the following properties:
① and modification of the substrate must have a good compatibility.
② modifier particle size, morphology medium a diameter of about 200nm is appropriate to protect the effect is a high impact strength .
③ modifier to lower the glass transition temperature is preferred.
④ impact modifier preferably has slightly crosslinked to improve the reinforcing effect .
⑤ modifier processing properties of the resin without prejudice to its apparent performance and physical and mechanical properties without plastic additive adverse effects.
⑥ requires non-toxic, non-polluting and affordable.
2 , the processing performance modifier
Processing modifier for plastic processing performance is poor and development of a class of additives that are added to improve the polymer in the molten resin flow , and a thermal stability, heat distortion resistance and surface gloss of the material products . Currently, the processing modifier is mainly to improve the melt viscosity of PVC , improved flowability and processability.
Processing modifier primarily polymer, the application is more acrylic copolymer , such as methyl methacrylate / acrylic acid copolymer system (MMA / FA system ) , methyl methacrylate / butyl methacrylate acrylate / ethyl acrylate / methyl methacrylate copolymer systems (MMA / BMA / EA / EMA system ) , methyl methacrylate / ethyl acrylate / acrylonitrile copolymer system (MMA / EA / AN system ), etc. The amount of resin added is usually from 3% to 8%.
( Two ) impact modifiers and processing modifier classification and species
1 , impact modifiers and species classification
① acrylonitrile - butadiene - styrene copolymer (ABS): ABS resin is a graft copolymer of polybutadiene latex is added to the styrene and acrylonitrile monomers copolymerized . Impact modifier for PVC, ABS has a good effect, the toughening effect, while the tensile strength and elongation decrease is small, the general amount of 10% to 20%. ABS resin due antimony flame retardant to the presence of unsaturated structures , weather is poor, so products should not be long-term outdoor use . ABS resin is less than the compatibility with PVC, MBS, the product transparency is not as good MBS copolymer ; such as a transparent ABS and PVC blends can obtain a transparent products. When the ABS dosage of 20% to 30 %, the impact strength with excellent results.
( A ) impact modifiers and processing modifier function
1 , the performance of impact modifier
To improve the impact properties of plastic additives added for the purpose referred to as impact modifier . These Plastic chemical additives can not only improve the impact strength of the resin , but also to improve the processability of the resin . Impact modifier is typically used in rigid PVC , but in polypropylene, polystyrene and modified plastics has universal application. Currently , rigid PVC impact modifier used mainly some copolymer resin or a modified resin such as ABS, MBS, EVA, CPE , and thermoplastic rubber , thermoplastic elastomers , which are widely used as PVC, PE, PP, PS, AS, ABS, PMMA, PA, PC, PBT, PET and so on. Impact modifier may be added into a ductile plastic brittle plastics can be applied only in the normal temperature of the plastic into a plastic used at low temperatures , in addition , can effectively improve the processing properties of plastics .
Ideal resistance modifier should have the following properties:
① and modification of the substrate must have a good compatibility.
② modifier particle size, morphology medium a diameter of about 200nm is appropriate to protect the effect is a high impact strength .
③ modifier to lower the glass transition temperature is preferred.
④ impact modifier preferably has slightly crosslinked to improve the reinforcing effect .
⑤ modifier processing properties of the resin without prejudice to its apparent performance and physical and mechanical properties without plastic additive adverse effects.
⑥ requires non-toxic, non-polluting and affordable.
2 , the processing performance modifier
Processing modifier for plastic processing performance is poor and development of a class of additives that are added to improve the polymer in the molten resin flow , and a thermal stability, heat distortion resistance and surface gloss of the material products . Currently, the processing modifier is mainly to improve the melt viscosity of PVC , improved flowability and processability.
Processing modifier primarily polymer, the application is more acrylic copolymer , such as methyl methacrylate / acrylic acid copolymer system (MMA / FA system ) , methyl methacrylate / butyl methacrylate acrylate / ethyl acrylate / methyl methacrylate copolymer systems (MMA / BMA / EA / EMA system ) , methyl methacrylate / ethyl acrylate / acrylonitrile copolymer system (MMA / EA / AN system ), etc. The amount of resin added is usually from 3% to 8%.
( Two ) impact modifiers and processing modifier classification and species
1 , impact modifiers and species classification
① acrylonitrile - butadiene - styrene copolymer (ABS): ABS resin is a graft copolymer of polybutadiene latex is added to the styrene and acrylonitrile monomers copolymerized . Impact modifier for PVC, ABS has a good effect, the toughening effect, while the tensile strength and elongation decrease is small, the general amount of 10% to 20%. ABS resin due antimony flame retardant to the presence of unsaturated structures , weather is poor, so products should not be long-term outdoor use . ABS resin is less than the compatibility with PVC, MBS, the product transparency is not as good MBS copolymer ; such as a transparent ABS and PVC blends can obtain a transparent products. When the ABS dosage of 20% to 30 %, the impact strength with excellent results.
impact modifier of some simple exposition
The reason why certain polymers show brittle at room temperature , which is mainly determined by the structure of the polymer itself . Polymer
The brittleness and its molecular Diethylene glycol dibenzoate main chain flexibility , the molecular chain of the more flexible , its brittleness is smaller , whereas the greater brittleness . All Movies
A flexible polymer chain affected by factors such as the main chain structure , a substituted group, the polymerization degree , crosslinking degree of the polymer can affect the brittle
Sex . To improve the toughness of the material , the following three main ways : in
Rubber component introduced into the polymer structure , as in the bulk polymerization of styrene butadiene component may be introduced in
Preparation of high-impact polystyrene (
HIPS, which in situ in the reaction kettle modification techniques suitable for mass production . In
Introducing the polymer backbone monomers low glass transition temperature , such as bisphenol
A polycarbonate raw
Production . Through
After some modification method would have the effect of toughening complexes were blended with polymer materials ,
Thereby enhancing the impact properties of polymeric materials . Such complexes known as impact modifiers , these additives is mainly used polyvinyl chloride
Ene, polystyrene and other plastics . The modified method has the freedom and flexibility characteristics.
1.1
Mechanism of impact modifier
The impact modifier in the polymer research, although there are a large number of scholars have carried out a series of fruitful work , but to
Today there are some issues unresolved , so it is no unified theory. Different scholars have proposed a different interpretation ,
Summarized in the following: rubber absorbs energy theory , shear yield theory, theory of cracks , crazing shear zone management
On other . Due to the use of rubber or elastomer -modified impact of plastics material will also reduce the rigidity of the self
Since there has been replaced by rigid particles of rubber and elastomer toughened polymers ideas, and the aluminium distearate corresponding emergence of non-
Rigid polymer particle toughening machine theory .
Rubber absorbs energy theory
Is stretched when the cross section is substantially found not shrink , thereby setting
Want to cavitation occurs inside the material and the density becomes small ( approximately 8% reduction )
Year. They think its elongation stress whitening phenomenon
Is generated within the material of the hole caused by the scattering of light . Therefore, the argument put forward : when the material strain , in its internal generated a lot of very fine cracks , then there must be a
Of rubber particles across the crack , thus preventing rapid crack
Rapid expansion , while the rubber particles in its consumption of energy during deformation due
, Thereby improving the toughness of the material . As shown, located
Rubber particles in a growth of the PVC processing aid crack face , such that material by
To break the impact absorbed energy equal to the Brittle Fracture
We can add on to be broken rubber particles acting combined. While
Explained tensile yield , must assume the formation of a large number of micro- cracks in the rubber particles absorb energy schematic
And each micro-cracks were blocked by rubber particles , micro-cracks are adjacent the substrate a thin layer of polystyrene are separated . Thus, a large tensile strain can be micro- cracks open, the rubber particles are
Elongated and polystyrene layers bend to achieve. Accordingly, they assume that the rubber particles have a "bridge " effect as well as particles having a high flexibility and good adhesion to the substrate with the premise . This theory is that it is the lack of attention to the rubber , while ignoring the polymer matrix . Toughened polystyrene and polyvinyl chloride is concerned, both in the fracture behavior of a significant difference , which is not easy to explain the theory of micro-cracks
The brittleness and its molecular Diethylene glycol dibenzoate main chain flexibility , the molecular chain of the more flexible , its brittleness is smaller , whereas the greater brittleness . All Movies
A flexible polymer chain affected by factors such as the main chain structure , a substituted group, the polymerization degree , crosslinking degree of the polymer can affect the brittle
Sex . To improve the toughness of the material , the following three main ways : in
Rubber component introduced into the polymer structure , as in the bulk polymerization of styrene butadiene component may be introduced in
Preparation of high-impact polystyrene (
HIPS, which in situ in the reaction kettle modification techniques suitable for mass production . In
Introducing the polymer backbone monomers low glass transition temperature , such as bisphenol
A polycarbonate raw
Production . Through
After some modification method would have the effect of toughening complexes were blended with polymer materials ,
Thereby enhancing the impact properties of polymeric materials . Such complexes known as impact modifiers , these additives is mainly used polyvinyl chloride
Ene, polystyrene and other plastics . The modified method has the freedom and flexibility characteristics.
1.1
Mechanism of impact modifier
The impact modifier in the polymer research, although there are a large number of scholars have carried out a series of fruitful work , but to
Today there are some issues unresolved , so it is no unified theory. Different scholars have proposed a different interpretation ,
Summarized in the following: rubber absorbs energy theory , shear yield theory, theory of cracks , crazing shear zone management
On other . Due to the use of rubber or elastomer -modified impact of plastics material will also reduce the rigidity of the self
Since there has been replaced by rigid particles of rubber and elastomer toughened polymers ideas, and the aluminium distearate corresponding emergence of non-
Rigid polymer particle toughening machine theory .
Rubber absorbs energy theory
Is stretched when the cross section is substantially found not shrink , thereby setting
Want to cavitation occurs inside the material and the density becomes small ( approximately 8% reduction )
Year. They think its elongation stress whitening phenomenon
Is generated within the material of the hole caused by the scattering of light . Therefore, the argument put forward : when the material strain , in its internal generated a lot of very fine cracks , then there must be a
Of rubber particles across the crack , thus preventing rapid crack
Rapid expansion , while the rubber particles in its consumption of energy during deformation due
, Thereby improving the toughness of the material . As shown, located
Rubber particles in a growth of the PVC processing aid crack face , such that material by
To break the impact absorbed energy equal to the Brittle Fracture
We can add on to be broken rubber particles acting combined. While
Explained tensile yield , must assume the formation of a large number of micro- cracks in the rubber particles absorb energy schematic
And each micro-cracks were blocked by rubber particles , micro-cracks are adjacent the substrate a thin layer of polystyrene are separated . Thus, a large tensile strain can be micro- cracks open, the rubber particles are
Elongated and polystyrene layers bend to achieve. Accordingly, they assume that the rubber particles have a "bridge " effect as well as particles having a high flexibility and good adhesion to the substrate with the premise . This theory is that it is the lack of attention to the rubber , while ignoring the polymer matrix . Toughened polystyrene and polyvinyl chloride is concerned, both in the fracture behavior of a significant difference , which is not easy to explain the theory of micro-cracks
2013年9月11日星期三
metal soaps major concepts waterproofing agent
Metal soaps waterproofing agents known to avoid water slurry, based fatty acid soap , sodium carbonate, potassium hydroxide, etc. variety of organic compounds , inorganic complex composition, a low molecular polyethylene waterproof , moisture , enhance and plasticization .
Metal soaps Appearance Milky white liquid waterproofing agent , a plasticizing effect, can reduce the water-cement ratio , after mixed with cement to form insoluble substances, the mortar filling small gap and clogging the capillary channel walls forming hydrophobic membrane , to improve cement mortar compactness and impermeability .
Second, the formulation and acrylic processing production process
Recipe: stearic acid ( 4.10% ) , sodium carbonate ( 0.15% ) , potassium hydroxide ( 0.72% ) , ammonia ( 3.16% ) and water ( 91.87% ) .
Production process:
First, the acid heated to melt on the pot , and then 1/ 2 the amount of water in the other pot was heated to 50-60 ℃, followed by adding sodium carbonate and kept constant .
Good will melt slowly adding stearic acid and quickly stir, this time will produce a lot of bubbles , to prevent overflow. All will be half of stearic acid added slowly added to the iron oxide red stirred water into soap .
When the soap is cooled to below 30 ℃ by adding a certain amount of ammonia stir, then use soap 0.6mm sieve sieve to remove blocks , granules and foam , the filtrate in a sealed plastic drum in a cool Department store .
Metal soaps Appearance Milky white liquid waterproofing agent , a plasticizing effect, can reduce the water-cement ratio , after mixed with cement to form insoluble substances, the mortar filling small gap and clogging the capillary channel walls forming hydrophobic membrane , to improve cement mortar compactness and impermeability .
Second, the formulation and acrylic processing production process
Recipe: stearic acid ( 4.10% ) , sodium carbonate ( 0.15% ) , potassium hydroxide ( 0.72% ) , ammonia ( 3.16% ) and water ( 91.87% ) .
Production process:
First, the acid heated to melt on the pot , and then 1/ 2 the amount of water in the other pot was heated to 50-60 ℃, followed by adding sodium carbonate and kept constant .
Good will melt slowly adding stearic acid and quickly stir, this time will produce a lot of bubbles , to prevent overflow. All will be half of stearic acid added slowly added to the iron oxide red stirred water into soap .
When the soap is cooled to below 30 ℃ by adding a certain amount of ammonia stir, then use soap 0.6mm sieve sieve to remove blocks , granules and foam , the filtrate in a sealed plastic drum in a cool Department store .
metal soap heat stabilizers some of the described
Metal soap heat stabilizers
Metal soap heat stabilizers narrative theory and literature very much, this article highlights only some of the most easily accepted to be introduced . As it relates to compatibility with the plastic additive majority of the metal soap heat stabilizers are not suitable for rigid PVC products . Soft PVC products contain a significant proportion of plasticizer , thereby PVC resin solubility parameter range becomes wide , metal soap heat stabilizers play space increases, so the metal soap heat stabilizers in the market mostly focused on soft or semi- rigid PVC products.
Metal soap heat stabilizers heat agencies
Hydrochloric acid or free chlorine atoms caused by both the decomposition of PVC resin starting material , in principle, as long as the source of HCl cut decomposition of PVC resin can be prevented . Metal soaps (Metal Soap) basic role is to pyrolysis of PVC resin in the release of hydrochloric acid or free chlorine atoms immediately be absorbed , and finally then transferred into harmless metal chlorides . Called " harmless metal chlorides ," theoretically no longer continue the catalytic decomposition of PVC resin capacity .
Metal soap is a metal part of the capture hydrochloric acid or free chlorine , hydrogen radical part of the acceptance ; capture hydrogen chloride and receive capability must be some balance . After absorption of hydrochloric acid metal soap will be converted into metal chlorides , however, some of the metal chloride in PVC resin accumulated to a certain concentration , the still enough to endanger PVC resin . At this point a second metal soap harmful to metal chlorides manner by chemical reactions consumed , and then into another harmless metal chloride .
To meet the above requirements , the recipe must be merged within the two metals usually soap . The first stage is chemically immediate and effective absorption of hydrochloric acid, macroscopic manifestation is excellent early color . The second stage is formed after the absorption of hydrochloric acid metal chloride into harmless non-acidic or metal organic pigments chloride , this step refers to a final desired coloring .
Although the first metal soap formed after absorption of HCl may still acidic metal chloride , PVC resin, or will continue to catalytic decomposition. However, selecting the first one metallic soap still tend to focus only when the "immediate and effective absorption of HCl ," so the first PVC resin, a metal soap in the ability to be absorbed very strong acid . The second metal soap in function stress " will be accumulated consumed metal chloride or exclusion " , so choose the time of the second metal soap must focus on whether or not it has a strong tendency and metal chlorides react. The use of a second metal soap acidic metal chlorides into no acidic metal chloride , and finally achieve full protection PVC resin effect.
Heat resistant metal soap stabilizer mechanism may briefly expressed as follows :
A first metallic soap + HCl → a first fatty acid metal chloride + first + second metal chlorides of metals soaps → first metal of the second metal chloride soap +
In the earliest cadmium stearate , barium stearate powder stabilizers , for example, to play a chemical reaction heat function is as follows. Powder barium cadmium heat stabilizer chemical reactions are involved
Cd (C17H35COO) 2 + 2HCl → CdCl2 + 2C17H35COOH
( Cadmium stearate ) ( hydrochloric acid ) ( cadmium chloride ) ( stearic acid )
Ba (C17H35COO) 2 + CdCl2 → BaCl2 + Cd (C17H35COO) 2
( Barium stearate ) ( cadmium chloride ) ( barium chloride ) ( cadmium stearate )
Question: Why does not directly or barium stearate alone ?
Metal chlorides species very much, but in the field of thermal stabilizers , zinc, cadmium , antimony and aluminum chloride ( e.g. , zinc chloride, cadmium chloride , etc. ) or a strong acid itself , will still be catalyzed PVC resin continuation of decomposition. The barium and calcium chloride because it is not acidic , so even if the concentration is not accumulated to a considerable extent induce deterioration of PVC resin . In other words , PVC resin accumulated too much if the zinc chloride or cadmium chloride , will accelerate the decomposition of PVC resin ; if barium or calcium accumulated in the PVC resin has no effect .
If the recipe is only within the cadmium or zinc stearate, stearic acid , even if the initial processing will have a good effect of heat , can be expected to post machining heat effect is not ideal . Only within the formula barium stearate , it is a final coloring is very good, but not good initial coloring . Individual hot metal soap stabilizers single product , the heat effect is very poor, so commercial heat stabilizer metallic soap must be at least a combination of two or more metal soaps.
The characteristics of a single product metal soap
Barium soaps are very polar metallic soap a thermal stabilizer , its heat resistance is very good. A high melting point of barium soap , the processing temperature is not enough to melt most of the barium complex soap . Hot liquid barium zinc stabilizer , and white blowing agent barium zinc cadmium heat stabilizer composition is very complex, difficult soluble barium soaps wherein a metallic soap . Barium soap following features:
Final color is very good, but not exceptional initial coloring .
No UV protection , it does not have a weather resistance.
Add excessive, machine surface precipitation trend stronger ; fact precipitated barium soap machine surface phenomena are all metal soaps in the most obvious .
Suitable for use with all types of metal soaps , play synergistic effect .
Hard or soft machining are no problem.
Cadmium soap gelling properties of exceptional merit , is the most traditional one metal soap heat stabilizers . Cadmium soap that require transparency and weather resistance of soft PVC products , the play
Metal soap heat stabilizers narrative theory and literature very much, this article highlights only some of the most easily accepted to be introduced . As it relates to compatibility with the plastic additive majority of the metal soap heat stabilizers are not suitable for rigid PVC products . Soft PVC products contain a significant proportion of plasticizer , thereby PVC resin solubility parameter range becomes wide , metal soap heat stabilizers play space increases, so the metal soap heat stabilizers in the market mostly focused on soft or semi- rigid PVC products.
Metal soap heat stabilizers heat agencies
Hydrochloric acid or free chlorine atoms caused by both the decomposition of PVC resin starting material , in principle, as long as the source of HCl cut decomposition of PVC resin can be prevented . Metal soaps (Metal Soap) basic role is to pyrolysis of PVC resin in the release of hydrochloric acid or free chlorine atoms immediately be absorbed , and finally then transferred into harmless metal chlorides . Called " harmless metal chlorides ," theoretically no longer continue the catalytic decomposition of PVC resin capacity .
Metal soap is a metal part of the capture hydrochloric acid or free chlorine , hydrogen radical part of the acceptance ; capture hydrogen chloride and receive capability must be some balance . After absorption of hydrochloric acid metal soap will be converted into metal chlorides , however, some of the metal chloride in PVC resin accumulated to a certain concentration , the still enough to endanger PVC resin . At this point a second metal soap harmful to metal chlorides manner by chemical reactions consumed , and then into another harmless metal chloride .
To meet the above requirements , the recipe must be merged within the two metals usually soap . The first stage is chemically immediate and effective absorption of hydrochloric acid, macroscopic manifestation is excellent early color . The second stage is formed after the absorption of hydrochloric acid metal chloride into harmless non-acidic or metal organic pigments chloride , this step refers to a final desired coloring .
Although the first metal soap formed after absorption of HCl may still acidic metal chloride , PVC resin, or will continue to catalytic decomposition. However, selecting the first one metallic soap still tend to focus only when the "immediate and effective absorption of HCl ," so the first PVC resin, a metal soap in the ability to be absorbed very strong acid . The second metal soap in function stress " will be accumulated consumed metal chloride or exclusion " , so choose the time of the second metal soap must focus on whether or not it has a strong tendency and metal chlorides react. The use of a second metal soap acidic metal chlorides into no acidic metal chloride , and finally achieve full protection PVC resin effect.
Heat resistant metal soap stabilizer mechanism may briefly expressed as follows :
A first metallic soap + HCl → a first fatty acid metal chloride + first + second metal chlorides of metals soaps → first metal of the second metal chloride soap +
In the earliest cadmium stearate , barium stearate powder stabilizers , for example, to play a chemical reaction heat function is as follows. Powder barium cadmium heat stabilizer chemical reactions are involved
Cd (C17H35COO) 2 + 2HCl → CdCl2 + 2C17H35COOH
( Cadmium stearate ) ( hydrochloric acid ) ( cadmium chloride ) ( stearic acid )
Ba (C17H35COO) 2 + CdCl2 → BaCl2 + Cd (C17H35COO) 2
( Barium stearate ) ( cadmium chloride ) ( barium chloride ) ( cadmium stearate )
Question: Why does not directly or barium stearate alone ?
Metal chlorides species very much, but in the field of thermal stabilizers , zinc, cadmium , antimony and aluminum chloride ( e.g. , zinc chloride, cadmium chloride , etc. ) or a strong acid itself , will still be catalyzed PVC resin continuation of decomposition. The barium and calcium chloride because it is not acidic , so even if the concentration is not accumulated to a considerable extent induce deterioration of PVC resin . In other words , PVC resin accumulated too much if the zinc chloride or cadmium chloride , will accelerate the decomposition of PVC resin ; if barium or calcium accumulated in the PVC resin has no effect .
If the recipe is only within the cadmium or zinc stearate, stearic acid , even if the initial processing will have a good effect of heat , can be expected to post machining heat effect is not ideal . Only within the formula barium stearate , it is a final coloring is very good, but not good initial coloring . Individual hot metal soap stabilizers single product , the heat effect is very poor, so commercial heat stabilizer metallic soap must be at least a combination of two or more metal soaps.
The characteristics of a single product metal soap
Barium soaps are very polar metallic soap a thermal stabilizer , its heat resistance is very good. A high melting point of barium soap , the processing temperature is not enough to melt most of the barium complex soap . Hot liquid barium zinc stabilizer , and white blowing agent barium zinc cadmium heat stabilizer composition is very complex, difficult soluble barium soaps wherein a metallic soap . Barium soap following features:
Final color is very good, but not exceptional initial coloring .
No UV protection , it does not have a weather resistance.
Add excessive, machine surface precipitation trend stronger ; fact precipitated barium soap machine surface phenomena are all metal soaps in the most obvious .
Suitable for use with all types of metal soaps , play synergistic effect .
Hard or soft machining are no problem.
Cadmium soap gelling properties of exceptional merit , is the most traditional one metal soap heat stabilizers . Cadmium soap that require transparency and weather resistance of soft PVC products , the play
2013年9月10日星期二
organic pigments elaborated
Refers to a series of paint colors and other characteristics , a class made up of organic pigments. Pigments features include Fast , resistance to flooding , acid and alkali resistance, organic solvents , heat , crystal stability, dispersion and hiding power . Organic pigments and dyes difference is that it is colored objects with no affinity magnesium hydroxide flame retardant only by adhesive or film material will be attached to the surface of organic pigments , or mixed inside the object , the object colored. Intermediates required for its production , production equipment and synthetic dye production processes are similar, it is often the organic pigment in the dye industry to organize production. Organic pigments and inorganic pigments generally compared to typically have high tinting strength , easy to grind and disperse particles , not precipitation, colors are more vivid , but the Light, heat, weather and poor performance . Organic pigments commonly used in inks, paints, rubber products, plastic products , stationery and supplies and other materials coloring. Common varieties currently on the market are the following categories :
Molecular structure of azo pigments containing azo group (-N = N-) water-insoluble organic compounds in the organic pigment is most varieties and yield the largest category . Azo pigment is an aromatic or heteroaromatic amine obtained by diazotization of an aromatic diazo component and then with acetyl amine 2 - naphthol, pyrazolone 2 - hydroxy - 3 - naphthoic acid or 2 - hydroxy- -3 - naphthoyl aromatic amines by coupling a coupling component , to form water -insoluble precipitate , which is generally an azo pigment . The synthetic method and the same dyes , but the plastic flame retardant latter is water soluble. Azo pigments generally used as orange, yellow and red pigments such as : Permanent Orange RN (CI Pigment Orange 5 ) , golden red (CI Pigment Red 21 ) , Benzidine Yellow G (CI Pigment Yellow 12 ) . To improve the light fastness , heat resistance, resistance to organic solvents and other pigment properties , by condensation of two molecules of an aromatic diamine as macromolecules . The pigment thus prepared is called macromolecules such as pigments or condensed azo pigments : macromolecules Orange 4R (CI Pigment Orange 31 ) , molecules of red R (CI Pigment Red 166 ) .
Lake water-soluble dye ( such as acid dyes , direct dyes , basic dyes, etc. ) generated by the action of a precipitating agent and a water-insoluble pigment . Its shade more brilliant , chromatography than the whole, low production costs, than the original water-soluble dyes high light fastness . Precipitant mainly inorganic salts, acids , carrier. Inorganic salt precipitate is barium , calcium chloride, manganese sulfate, water-soluble dyes intenal lubricant as precipitating agent and the reaction of water-insoluble barium, calcium , manganese salts such as : Permanent Red F5R (CI Pigment Red 48 : 2 ) , Lake Red C (CI pigment Red 53:1 ) . Is the use of phosphoric acid precipitation - molybdic acid , phosphoric acid - acid , tannic acid, etc. as a precipitating agent reacts with the water-soluble alkali insoluble dye lakes such as : Fast Rose Lake (CI Pigment Violet 1 ) , emitted light violet (CI Pigment violet 3 ) . The carrier is a water-soluble dye deposited precipitate aluminum hydroxide , barium sulfate , etc. on the surface of the support , to form water-insoluble precipitate neutral colors such as : acid yellow lake (CI Pigment Orange 17 ) , light blue lake lake
Molecular structure of azo pigments containing azo group (-N = N-) water-insoluble organic compounds in the organic pigment is most varieties and yield the largest category . Azo pigment is an aromatic or heteroaromatic amine obtained by diazotization of an aromatic diazo component and then with acetyl amine 2 - naphthol, pyrazolone 2 - hydroxy - 3 - naphthoic acid or 2 - hydroxy- -3 - naphthoyl aromatic amines by coupling a coupling component , to form water -insoluble precipitate , which is generally an azo pigment . The synthetic method and the same dyes , but the plastic flame retardant latter is water soluble. Azo pigments generally used as orange, yellow and red pigments such as : Permanent Orange RN (CI Pigment Orange 5 ) , golden red (CI Pigment Red 21 ) , Benzidine Yellow G (CI Pigment Yellow 12 ) . To improve the light fastness , heat resistance, resistance to organic solvents and other pigment properties , by condensation of two molecules of an aromatic diamine as macromolecules . The pigment thus prepared is called macromolecules such as pigments or condensed azo pigments : macromolecules Orange 4R (CI Pigment Orange 31 ) , molecules of red R (CI Pigment Red 166 ) .
Lake water-soluble dye ( such as acid dyes , direct dyes , basic dyes, etc. ) generated by the action of a precipitating agent and a water-insoluble pigment . Its shade more brilliant , chromatography than the whole, low production costs, than the original water-soluble dyes high light fastness . Precipitant mainly inorganic salts, acids , carrier. Inorganic salt precipitate is barium , calcium chloride, manganese sulfate, water-soluble dyes intenal lubricant as precipitating agent and the reaction of water-insoluble barium, calcium , manganese salts such as : Permanent Red F5R (CI Pigment Red 48 : 2 ) , Lake Red C (CI pigment Red 53:1 ) . Is the use of phosphoric acid precipitation - molybdic acid , phosphoric acid - acid , tannic acid, etc. as a precipitating agent reacts with the water-soluble alkali insoluble dye lakes such as : Fast Rose Lake (CI Pigment Violet 1 ) , emitted light violet (CI Pigment violet 3 ) . The carrier is a water-soluble dye deposited precipitate aluminum hydroxide , barium sulfate , etc. on the surface of the support , to form water-insoluble precipitate neutral colors such as : acid yellow lake (CI Pigment Orange 17 ) , light blue lake lake
flame retardants some simple classification
Flame retardants can be classified according to their use additive flame retardant and reactive flame retardant . Flame retardant additives usually added to the manner in conjunction with the base resin , and the resin between them just a simple physical PVC heat stabilizer for fittings mixture ; reactive flame retardant is generally a molecule containing reactive elements and group-containing monomer , such as a halogenated anhydrides , halogenated bisphenol- and phosphorus-containing polyols and the like , because of its reactivity, can be chemically bonded to the molecular chain of the resin , a plastic resin part , most reactive flame retardant additive type structure or synthetic monomer . Chemical composition according to the different flame retardants can be divided into inorganic and organic flame retardants . Inorganic flame retardants include aluminum hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide , antimony oxide , zinc borate , and red phosphorus , etc., halogenated organic flame mostly carbon black powder organic bromides and organic chlorides, phosphates, halogenated phosphates , nitrogen phosphorus -based flame retardants and intumescent flame retardants. Smoke suppressant effect is to reduce the amount of flame-retardant materials and toxic smoke emission of harmful gases , mostly for molybdenum compounds, tin compounds and iron-based compounds. Although antimony trioxide and zinc borate also smoke suppression , but is often used as a flame retardant synergist and therefore classified as a flame retardant system .
Flame retardant properties of the vast majority of a hard plastic indicator , conventional flame retardant is used in halogen-containing flame retardant. Combustion of halogenated flame retardant materials produce a lot of smoke and toxic corrosive gases will cause epoxidized soybean oil secondary damage. Common ingredients are phosphorus flame retardant formulations compound, a silicon -based flame retardant , nitrogen-based flame retardants and metal hydroxides , etc. Volatile combustion does not produce corrosive gases , pollution-free flame retardants are known . Flame retardant is added to phase in the material suitable halogen flame retardant to achieve the purpose , and to avoid secondary damage caused containing halogens .
Flame retardant properties of the vast majority of a hard plastic indicator , conventional flame retardant is used in halogen-containing flame retardant. Combustion of halogenated flame retardant materials produce a lot of smoke and toxic corrosive gases will cause epoxidized soybean oil secondary damage. Common ingredients are phosphorus flame retardant formulations compound, a silicon -based flame retardant , nitrogen-based flame retardants and metal hydroxides , etc. Volatile combustion does not produce corrosive gases , pollution-free flame retardants are known . Flame retardant is added to phase in the material suitable halogen flame retardant to achieve the purpose , and to avoid secondary damage caused containing halogens .
2013年9月9日星期一
fluorescent agents lack of fear
Recently , on the " toilet paper when the paper napkin with carcinogenic ", " toilet paper contains large amounts of fluorescent whitening agent is carcinogenic ," saying aroused heated debate on the Internet . So toilet paper and napkins in the end what is the difference ? FWA carcinogenic and whether credible argument ? International plastic flame retardant Food Packaging Association Executive Vice President and Secretary General Dong Lion said , toilet paper and napkins best not to mix .
According to the relevant national standards, especially toilet paper "toilet paper " and napkin handkerchief belonging to a part of handkerchief including facial tissue , napkins and paper handkerchiefs categories.
" Toilet paper and hygiene standards handkerchief perform different , for example, microbiological criteria , the former is the total number of bacterial colonies per gram paper is less than 600 , while the latter is not more than 200 , the two do not mix benefit human health. Allow the use of toilet paper recycled paper ( recycled pulp ) to produce, but the premise is that these are clean waste paper , used tissue paper must not include them ; while the handkerchief is clear that you want to use virgin pulp , paper production that can not be used . "
" FWA widely used paper , although state regulations in the handkerchief ' mobility is not allowed contain optical titanium dioxide anatase brighteners ', but on its own terms , I think the human body and do not result in harm ."
" The fluorescent brighteners toilet paper has two main sources: First, recycled paper itself contains , the two manufacturers in the bleach is added later , but add a lot of argument is unscientific because FWA has yellowed points , its content is generally less than 1/1000 ( in paper weight basis ) , the paper will not exceed this amount but will whiten yellowed . " Shen Yongjia said.
In fact, in most countries, handkerchief production is also not explicitly prohibit the use of optical brighteners . In China, in order to avoid consumer concerns handkerchief only allowed to add fluorescent brighteners requirements.
"As for bleaching and spices , is the paper bleaching process . Corrosion and oxidation bleach although very strong, but after processing , basic does not remain in the pulp ; spices , as the paper is the human body may be, if not the sensitive skin or is the spice allergy , no problem . " Shen Yongjia that bleach and add flavor will not endanger human health.
"But the premise is qualified regular manufacturers of paper , like some sinister manufacturers out of inferior black iron oxide products, sources of raw materials is very complex , and perhaps itself contains bacteria or harmful substances.
"For example , when we went unannounced visits , found some illegal dumping of waste paper manufacturers in one , and some have even moldy , braving the stench of these paper waste paper some life , such as sanitary napkins , disposable diapers are class , but also some some chemical scrap of paper from the paper products produced with a variety of fungi, E. coli, or there is a chemical, pesticide residues harmful to human health
According to the relevant national standards, especially toilet paper "toilet paper " and napkin handkerchief belonging to a part of handkerchief including facial tissue , napkins and paper handkerchiefs categories.
" Toilet paper and hygiene standards handkerchief perform different , for example, microbiological criteria , the former is the total number of bacterial colonies per gram paper is less than 600 , while the latter is not more than 200 , the two do not mix benefit human health. Allow the use of toilet paper recycled paper ( recycled pulp ) to produce, but the premise is that these are clean waste paper , used tissue paper must not include them ; while the handkerchief is clear that you want to use virgin pulp , paper production that can not be used . "
" FWA widely used paper , although state regulations in the handkerchief ' mobility is not allowed contain optical titanium dioxide anatase brighteners ', but on its own terms , I think the human body and do not result in harm ."
" The fluorescent brighteners toilet paper has two main sources: First, recycled paper itself contains , the two manufacturers in the bleach is added later , but add a lot of argument is unscientific because FWA has yellowed points , its content is generally less than 1/1000 ( in paper weight basis ) , the paper will not exceed this amount but will whiten yellowed . " Shen Yongjia said.
In fact, in most countries, handkerchief production is also not explicitly prohibit the use of optical brighteners . In China, in order to avoid consumer concerns handkerchief only allowed to add fluorescent brighteners requirements.
"As for bleaching and spices , is the paper bleaching process . Corrosion and oxidation bleach although very strong, but after processing , basic does not remain in the pulp ; spices , as the paper is the human body may be, if not the sensitive skin or is the spice allergy , no problem . " Shen Yongjia that bleach and add flavor will not endanger human health.
"But the premise is qualified regular manufacturers of paper , like some sinister manufacturers out of inferior black iron oxide products, sources of raw materials is very complex , and perhaps itself contains bacteria or harmful substances.
"For example , when we went unannounced visits , found some illegal dumping of waste paper manufacturers in one , and some have even moldy , braving the stench of these paper waste paper some life , such as sanitary napkins , disposable diapers are class , but also some some chemical scrap of paper from the paper products produced with a variety of fungi, E. coli, or there is a chemical, pesticide residues harmful to human health
white killers FWA say NO
White , consequent pure color and often gives a bright , pure , clean feeling, by the national people favor. However, in people's daily life everywhere , white goods, food products , has been hiding a mysterious white killer, listening, you would have some nervous ? Present, including silk, underwear, toilet paper , paper cups , mask , detergent, diapers , including plastic processing aid many household items , and even flour, bread, mushrooms and other foods have been clear that the added toxic chemicals - optical brighteners, slowly eroded between the cumulative human health !
Optical brighteners, a fluorescent dye , with bright whiten and brighten the role , is widely used in papermaking, textile, detergent and other fields. However, it is not generally easy to break down the chemical composition , such as direct contact with the human body, the skin in the body after inhalation of excessive accumulation , it will generate a lot of harm . Toxicity of long-term accumulation in the liver or other vital organs , and even become a potential carcinogen . From Japan, a new study shows that women underwear with fluorescent brightener will be poured into the breast, a direct result of breast cancer.
In recent years , the world has some toxicity on fluorescent brighteners , field of application should be limited to the relevant debate intensified, in fact , including Japan , the European Union , including many developed countries have gradually enacted regulations that restrict the use of fluorescent brightener to IKEA of Sweden , represented by many well-known international companies have strict self-discipline , a wholly products explicitly not allowed to add fluorescent brighteners . Industry Dioctyl phthalate experts Big Brand, founder of Wang Zhi Pu pointed out that China's relevant standards lagged behind Japan, Europe and other developed countries , the domestic enterprises are mostly ignored chemicals added security issues , leading to the killer's home carrying a white flood the market, and in unknowingly poisoned Chinese long-term health of consumers .
Understand the dangers of fluorescent brighteners , how to identify and shut out ? Puzzled for a large number of consumers , the reporter interviewed a large Pak brand founder , fluorescent brighteners detection does not require the help of professional bodies , just prepare a little money detector pen, direct exposure to the items to be detected , the irradiated area a dazzling light that adds harmful fluorescent brighteners, on the contrary , the irradiated region showed soft violet , then did not add harmful glyceryl monostearate fluorescent brighteners . Zhi- chuen, said method by which a simple , consumers simply pay close attention, you can with a white killer everyday life to draw the line . Local independent design , production and sales of integrated household brand big Park , since its inception has always insisted that the design and manufacture of products should return to life 's most essential needs : safe, simple , comfortable and its launch of a full range of household products, including towels category , underwear , bedding , groceries hundred four categories of products, are manufactured using stringent corporate standards , does not contain formaldehyde, do not add any dangers with fluorescent whitening agents deal has overtaken Japan, like the world's most stringent textile product standards.
Optical brighteners, a fluorescent dye , with bright whiten and brighten the role , is widely used in papermaking, textile, detergent and other fields. However, it is not generally easy to break down the chemical composition , such as direct contact with the human body, the skin in the body after inhalation of excessive accumulation , it will generate a lot of harm . Toxicity of long-term accumulation in the liver or other vital organs , and even become a potential carcinogen . From Japan, a new study shows that women underwear with fluorescent brightener will be poured into the breast, a direct result of breast cancer.
In recent years , the world has some toxicity on fluorescent brighteners , field of application should be limited to the relevant debate intensified, in fact , including Japan , the European Union , including many developed countries have gradually enacted regulations that restrict the use of fluorescent brightener to IKEA of Sweden , represented by many well-known international companies have strict self-discipline , a wholly products explicitly not allowed to add fluorescent brighteners . Industry Dioctyl phthalate experts Big Brand, founder of Wang Zhi Pu pointed out that China's relevant standards lagged behind Japan, Europe and other developed countries , the domestic enterprises are mostly ignored chemicals added security issues , leading to the killer's home carrying a white flood the market, and in unknowingly poisoned Chinese long-term health of consumers .
Understand the dangers of fluorescent brighteners , how to identify and shut out ? Puzzled for a large number of consumers , the reporter interviewed a large Pak brand founder , fluorescent brighteners detection does not require the help of professional bodies , just prepare a little money detector pen, direct exposure to the items to be detected , the irradiated area a dazzling light that adds harmful fluorescent brighteners, on the contrary , the irradiated region showed soft violet , then did not add harmful glyceryl monostearate fluorescent brighteners . Zhi- chuen, said method by which a simple , consumers simply pay close attention, you can with a white killer everyday life to draw the line . Local independent design , production and sales of integrated household brand big Park , since its inception has always insisted that the design and manufacture of products should return to life 's most essential needs : safe, simple , comfortable and its launch of a full range of household products, including towels category , underwear , bedding , groceries hundred four categories of products, are manufactured using stringent corporate standards , does not contain formaldehyde, do not add any dangers with fluorescent whitening agents deal has overtaken Japan, like the world's most stringent textile product standards.
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