Aluminum sulfate manufacturers have reported , aluminum sulfate is paper sizing agent is soil conditioning neutralizer , flocculation and sewage treatment flocculants . The retention aid is used to improve the wire section of paper fibers and fines retention of the Metal stearate chemical. Then they existed before what kind of relationship do ?
Common retention aids
Retention aids are commonly modified starch and synthetic resins, retention agents generally also have to accelerate the slurry treatment filter aid performance. There are two main types . ( 1 ) modified starch . From corn , potato , tapioca wet , dry process obtained anion and cation -modified starch. Mainly quaternary ammonium and methyl tin stabilizer amine -modified cationic starch . ( 2 ) polyacrylamide . Are generally anionic or cationic modified type of product . Anionic polyacrylamide by partial hydrolysis reaction or sulfomethylation reaction. Or by acrylic acid cis -butadiene copolymer derived. Cationic Hoffman is through Mannich reaction or reaction. Also with aminoalkyl methacrylate copolymer obtained .
Aluminum sulfate retention aid
Generally, there are inorganic retention agents such as aluminum sulfate , sodium aluminate ( retention effect chrome oxide is not significant ) ; cationic starch ; carboxymethyl cellulose ; synthetic resins ( e.g., polyethylene imine , polyacrylamide , polyethylene oxide , polyamides , etc. ) .
That aluminum sulfate with the fiber retention effect , which means it is a retention aid . This is similar to its role in wastewater treatment . However, its retention effect as polyaluminum chloride and polyacrylamide .
impact modifier
2013年10月24日星期四
2013年10月21日星期一
plastics processing aids Main Profile
The main reason is that this growth to continue in the alternative plastic materials traditional materials such as metal , wood, and minerals. In fact , various additives in the resin for the fluorescent brightener successful application of plastic materials are of great help. In the use of various types of additives to the polymer impact modifiers and processing aids for the polymer to provide the most unique and most valuable superior performance , but also improve the processing performance of the product . Toughening treatment, rheology control , beautiful appearance , processing performance , and economic factors that are important to the nature of the property . Many of these additives have been used for many years , after a long development derived from a wide range of varieties. A major reason for barium stearate this situation is the emulsion polymerization process varied, which makes scientists continue to design suitable polymer components , polymer structure , polymer morphology and molecular weight / weight distribution . Low cost of production , and the resulting product is easy to separate the emulsion , therefore , in the commercial production of emulsion polymerization is very attractive . Subsequent to a variety of acrylic processing aid and an acrylic impact modifier . Initially , these additives are primarily used to improve the polyvinyl chloride (PVC) processability and toughness. And processing aids for PVC mainly to promote fusion of PVC , to enhance the melt strength , to improve the dispersion properties and surface quality. High molecular weight PVC foam processing aid is an important component. Means of processing aids , PVC foams can be obtained in a more homogeneous foam structure , and to reduce the breakdown of closed cell foam density will be lower . Act as a lubricant processing aids can effectively prevent the molten plastic bonded to the tin stabilizer metal surface to improve the surface quality of products , improve production efficiency.
There are many applications of plastic materials is very limited , because they either do not have the required physical properties , or its processing performance is very poor , processing aids, is used to enhance the plastics melt processing, increase production, reduce parking maintenance time and provide better quality products . According to the type of functionality , processing aids can be divided into flux , melt rheology modifiers , lubricants and dispersing accelerator. In fact , each type of processing aids and have more than one effect. Any one processing aid functionality and application results to be dependent on its chemical composition , the polymer structure, molecular weight and type of the polymer matrix .
There are many applications of plastic materials is very limited , because they either do not have the required physical properties , or its processing performance is very poor , processing aids, is used to enhance the plastics melt processing, increase production, reduce parking maintenance time and provide better quality products . According to the type of functionality , processing aids can be divided into flux , melt rheology modifiers , lubricants and dispersing accelerator. In fact , each type of processing aids and have more than one effect. Any one processing aid functionality and application results to be dependent on its chemical composition , the polymer structure, molecular weight and type of the polymer matrix .
2013年10月10日星期四
Most of the white pigment titanium dioxide
Titanium dioxide as a decoration materials, one of its features is the ability to reach a very white effect, it should be said that this is the world's most white titanium dioxide it. In the decoration of the titanium dioxide house when we want to make the wall more than a somewhat pale and clean and do, then you can achieve this effect of titanium dioxide, the most white pigment titanium dioxide white against its eternal has occupied the market, we work together look in the end what is the situation right.
Titanium dioxide is considered the best in yellow iron oxide the world a white pigment widely used in paints, plastics, paper, printing ink, chemical fiber, rubber, cosmetics and other industries performance.
Rutile titanium dioxide, mainly consumed in the paint industry. And titanium dioxide paint, colorful, high hiding power, tinting strength, dosage province, species, stable media can play a protective role, and can improve the strength and adhesion of the film to prevent cracking, prevent UV and moisture permeability However, to extend membrane life. Or plastic processing aid advanced titanium dioxide pigment ink is required. Solid ink containing titanium dioxide does not change color, surface wettability is easily dispersed. Ink industry has been using rutile titanium dioxide anatase.
There are many domestic manufacturers of titanium dioxide, Lanke Chemical Co., Ltd. Langfang, the use of advanced production technology and equipment 20,000 tons / year of titanium dioxide sulphate process of creation. Rutile Phase II expansion project currently underway is to expand production capacity to 50,000 tons.
Titanium dioxide is considered the best in yellow iron oxide the world a white pigment widely used in paints, plastics, paper, printing ink, chemical fiber, rubber, cosmetics and other industries performance.
Rutile titanium dioxide, mainly consumed in the paint industry. And titanium dioxide paint, colorful, high hiding power, tinting strength, dosage province, species, stable media can play a protective role, and can improve the strength and adhesion of the film to prevent cracking, prevent UV and moisture permeability However, to extend membrane life. Or plastic processing aid advanced titanium dioxide pigment ink is required. Solid ink containing titanium dioxide does not change color, surface wettability is easily dispersed. Ink industry has been using rutile titanium dioxide anatase.
There are many domestic manufacturers of titanium dioxide, Lanke Chemical Co., Ltd. Langfang, the use of advanced production technology and equipment 20,000 tons / year of titanium dioxide sulphate process of creation. Rutile Phase II expansion project currently underway is to expand production capacity to 50,000 tons.
Study describes the use of red iron oxide
What is red iron oxide Perhaps you know that you are its knowledge and understanding of how it? Here to give you about the use of red iron oxide Analysis, hope you like it.
The following is the analysis of iron oxide red Uses: 1, red iron oxide pigments in various types of precast concrete products and building materials as pigments or coloring agents, directly into the plastic flame retardant application of cement. A variety of indoor and outdoor color concrete surfaces, such as walls, floors, ceilings, pillars, porches, roads, parking lots, stairs, stations, etc.; various architectural ceramics and glass ceramics, such as tiles, floor tiles, roof tiles, panels , terrazzo, mosaic tiles, artificial marble.
2, iron oxide pigments for coloring a variety of coatings and protective substances, including water-based interior and exterior paints, powder coatings, etc.; also apply to oil paint, including epoxy, alkyd, amino and other primers and topcoats; also available in the toy paint, decorative paint, furniture paint, electrophoretic lacquers and enamels.
3, iron oxide pigments for coloring plastics, such as thermosets and thermoplastics, and rubber products, coloring, such as automobile inner tubes, aircraft inner tube, bicycle inner tube and so on.
4, red iron oxide commonly used in construction, rubber, plastics, paint lead stearate and other industries, particularly iron oxide red primer with rust function, you can replace the expensive red lead paint, saving non-ferrous metals. High Ground material, for use in precision metal instruments, optical glass polishing. Powder metallurgy high purity is the main base for various magnetic alloy smelting and other senior alloy steels. By the ferrous sulfate or iron oxide yellow, or scraps of iron mixed by high temperature calcination, or directly from the liquid medium is made.
5, red in the building materials industry, mainly epoxidation of soybean oil for color cement, colored cement tiles, colored cement tiles, imitation glazed tiles, concrete tiles, colored mortar, colored asphalt, terrazzo, mosaic tiles, artificial marble and stucco walls, etc.; in the paints and coatings industry is mainly used to manufacture a variety of paints, coatings, inks. In other industries, such as ceramics, rubber, plastics, leather, pulp used to make arrangements light coloring agent and a filler. 6, used in paints, rubber, plastics, construction, coloring, in addition to iron oxide pigments can also be used for all kinds of cosmetics, paper, leather coloring.
The following is the analysis of iron oxide red Uses: 1, red iron oxide pigments in various types of precast concrete products and building materials as pigments or coloring agents, directly into the plastic flame retardant application of cement. A variety of indoor and outdoor color concrete surfaces, such as walls, floors, ceilings, pillars, porches, roads, parking lots, stairs, stations, etc.; various architectural ceramics and glass ceramics, such as tiles, floor tiles, roof tiles, panels , terrazzo, mosaic tiles, artificial marble.
2, iron oxide pigments for coloring a variety of coatings and protective substances, including water-based interior and exterior paints, powder coatings, etc.; also apply to oil paint, including epoxy, alkyd, amino and other primers and topcoats; also available in the toy paint, decorative paint, furniture paint, electrophoretic lacquers and enamels.
3, iron oxide pigments for coloring plastics, such as thermosets and thermoplastics, and rubber products, coloring, such as automobile inner tubes, aircraft inner tube, bicycle inner tube and so on.
4, red iron oxide commonly used in construction, rubber, plastics, paint lead stearate and other industries, particularly iron oxide red primer with rust function, you can replace the expensive red lead paint, saving non-ferrous metals. High Ground material, for use in precision metal instruments, optical glass polishing. Powder metallurgy high purity is the main base for various magnetic alloy smelting and other senior alloy steels. By the ferrous sulfate or iron oxide yellow, or scraps of iron mixed by high temperature calcination, or directly from the liquid medium is made.
5, red in the building materials industry, mainly epoxidation of soybean oil for color cement, colored cement tiles, colored cement tiles, imitation glazed tiles, concrete tiles, colored mortar, colored asphalt, terrazzo, mosaic tiles, artificial marble and stucco walls, etc.; in the paints and coatings industry is mainly used to manufacture a variety of paints, coatings, inks. In other industries, such as ceramics, rubber, plastics, leather, pulp used to make arrangements light coloring agent and a filler. 6, used in paints, rubber, plastics, construction, coloring, in addition to iron oxide pigments can also be used for all kinds of cosmetics, paper, leather coloring.
2013年10月9日星期三
How polyacrylamide as aluminum sulfate coagulant
Aluminum sulfate polyacrylamide can be suspended solids in the sewage play coagulation, sedimentation . Sewage flocculant is used . Aluminum sulfate polyacrylamide price than low prices many times , the effect was not good polyacrylamide . And if the use of aluminum sulfate polyacrylamide sewage added as its coagulant , can play a coagulant effect is obvious, turbidity and organic matter removal efficiency have been significantly improved.
How polyacrylamide as aluminum sulfate coagulant
Polyacrylamide as an inorganic coagulant aluminum sulfate coagulant , mainly due to some chain polyacrylamide macromolecules , play chrome green and network bridging flocculation flocculation effect , because of its electrostatic attraction , hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic keys and features reaction to colloid charge neutralization and bridging role , so that in the adsorbed particles asked to form a " bridge ." Produce floc . Thus speeding up the sinking particles , forming a large and dense alum . The use of long-chain molecules bridging role in the formation of an inorganic coagulant floc surrounded. The floc closely. Particle sedimentation rate accelerated. Flocculation through further reaction . The particles in the water gradually extruded particle sedimentation rate of speed so that thus the coagulation effect is plastic processing aid improved. Adding aluminum sulfate polyacrylamide in dosage can be achieved when there are fewer good coagulation effect , ie coagulation effect in the same circumstances, plus polyacrylamide coagulant than without when aluminum sulfate dosage to save much more .
Polyacrylamide coagulant effect
Polyacrylamide coagulant aid is to accelerate the coagulation process procedure , increase the quality and density of the particles to be more rapid precipitation. While strengthening the role of bonding and bridging , and the flocculation and sedimentation of coarse particles have a greater surface , can give full play to the role of adsorption swept volume , improve clarifying effect .
Polyacrylamide flocculant , is often used PVC heat stabilizer for profile as an inorganic coagulant coagulant , alum formed joint processing large , fast settling , flocculation , the large and solid particle sedimentation rate is greatly enhanced , so treatment is better . Aluminum sulfate in polyamine coagulant effect of turbidity and organic matter removal efficiency have been improved , the overall cost reduction, wastewater treatment cost savings for the enterprise .
How polyacrylamide as aluminum sulfate coagulant
Polyacrylamide as an inorganic coagulant aluminum sulfate coagulant , mainly due to some chain polyacrylamide macromolecules , play chrome green and network bridging flocculation flocculation effect , because of its electrostatic attraction , hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic keys and features reaction to colloid charge neutralization and bridging role , so that in the adsorbed particles asked to form a " bridge ." Produce floc . Thus speeding up the sinking particles , forming a large and dense alum . The use of long-chain molecules bridging role in the formation of an inorganic coagulant floc surrounded. The floc closely. Particle sedimentation rate accelerated. Flocculation through further reaction . The particles in the water gradually extruded particle sedimentation rate of speed so that thus the coagulation effect is plastic processing aid improved. Adding aluminum sulfate polyacrylamide in dosage can be achieved when there are fewer good coagulation effect , ie coagulation effect in the same circumstances, plus polyacrylamide coagulant than without when aluminum sulfate dosage to save much more .
Polyacrylamide coagulant effect
Polyacrylamide coagulant aid is to accelerate the coagulation process procedure , increase the quality and density of the particles to be more rapid precipitation. While strengthening the role of bonding and bridging , and the flocculation and sedimentation of coarse particles have a greater surface , can give full play to the role of adsorption swept volume , improve clarifying effect .
Polyacrylamide flocculant , is often used PVC heat stabilizer for profile as an inorganic coagulant coagulant , alum formed joint processing large , fast settling , flocculation , the large and solid particle sedimentation rate is greatly enhanced , so treatment is better . Aluminum sulfate in polyamine coagulant effect of turbidity and organic matter removal efficiency have been improved , the overall cost reduction, wastewater treatment cost savings for the enterprise .
2013年10月8日星期二
Hard some introduction of sodium
Sodium stearate, calcium stearate is carried out with sodium chloride metathesis reaction derived fine white powder , metallic calcium content of 6.5% , mp 149-155 ℃, heating loss is less than 2% , the PVC heat stabilizer relative density of 1.08 , fineness by 0.075mm sieve 99.5% , free acid ( as stearic acid ) 0.5% , in the air, water absorption .
The product can be used as a thermal stabilizer of polyethylene , has excellent lubricity, good processability , and an epoxy compound with zinc soap and having a synergistic effect , can improve the fluorescent brightener thermal stability, and the base of lead salts and lead soap and used hardware products , you can improve the speed of gelation . This product can be used in polyethylene and polypropylene resins to eliminate residual catalyst on the adverse effects of color and stability . This product is also widely used as a polyolefin , polyester reinforced plastic , phenolic resin, amino resin, thermosetting plastics lubricants and release agents .
Sodium stearate of formula Na (C18H35O2) { i.e. (C17H35COO) Na}, molecular weight 306.46 . 7.51% sodium containing stearic acid 92.50 , purity 99.5%. White powder or white block, with creamy , fatty taste , soluble in water or alcohol-water solution is alkaline due to hydrolysis . Melting point 100 ~ 110 ℃, should be kept in kept in a cool , dry, well Barium soap ventilated place .
Main purpose:
1 . Detergent : for controlling foam in the rinse .
2 . Emulsifying or dispersing agent: for the polymer emulsion and antioxidants medium .
3 . Corrosion inhibitors: polyethylene packaging films it has protective properties.
4 . Cosmetics: shaving gel , transparent viscose
5 . Adhesive: natural rubber and then paste paper used .
The product can be used as a thermal stabilizer of polyethylene , has excellent lubricity, good processability , and an epoxy compound with zinc soap and having a synergistic effect , can improve the fluorescent brightener thermal stability, and the base of lead salts and lead soap and used hardware products , you can improve the speed of gelation . This product can be used in polyethylene and polypropylene resins to eliminate residual catalyst on the adverse effects of color and stability . This product is also widely used as a polyolefin , polyester reinforced plastic , phenolic resin, amino resin, thermosetting plastics lubricants and release agents .
Sodium stearate of formula Na (C18H35O2) { i.e. (C17H35COO) Na}, molecular weight 306.46 . 7.51% sodium containing stearic acid 92.50 , purity 99.5%. White powder or white block, with creamy , fatty taste , soluble in water or alcohol-water solution is alkaline due to hydrolysis . Melting point 100 ~ 110 ℃, should be kept in kept in a cool , dry, well Barium soap ventilated place .
Main purpose:
1 . Detergent : for controlling foam in the rinse .
2 . Emulsifying or dispersing agent: for the polymer emulsion and antioxidants medium .
3 . Corrosion inhibitors: polyethylene packaging films it has protective properties.
4 . Cosmetics: shaving gel , transparent viscose
5 . Adhesive: natural rubber and then paste paper used .
Simple exposition of sodium
Sodium stearate, calcium stearate and sodium chloride by metathesis reaction derived fine white powder , metallic calcium content of 6.5% , mp 149-155 ℃, heating loss is less than 2% , the relative density of 1.08 , fineness by 0.075mm sieve 99.5% , free acid ( as stearic acid ) 0.5% , in red
iron oxide the air, water absorption .
Sodium stearate, calcium stearate and sodium chloride by metathesis reaction derived fine white powder , metallic calcium content of 6.5% , mp 149-155 ℃, heating loss is less than 2% , the relative density of 1.08 , fineness by 0.075mm sieve 99.5% , free acid ( as stearic acid ) 0.5% , in the air, water absorption .
The product can be used as a thermal stabilizer of polyethylene , has excellent lubricity, good processability , and an epoxy compound black iron oxide with zinc soap and having a synergistic effect , can improve the thermal stability, and the base of lead salts and lead soap and used hardware products , you can improve the speed of gelation . This product can be used in polyethylene and polypropylene resins to eliminate residual catalyst on the adverse effects of color and stability . This product is also widely used as a polyolefin , polyester reinforced plastic , phenolic resin, amino resin, thermosetting plastics lubricants and release agents.
Sodium stearate of formula Na (C18H35O2) { i.e. (C17H35COO) Na}, molecular weight 306.46 . 7.51% sodium containing stearic acid 92.50 , purity 99.5%. White powder or white block, with creamy , fatty taste , soluble Plastic chemical in water or alcohol-water solution is alkaline due to hydrolysis . Melting point 100 ~ 110 ℃, should be kept in kept in a cool , dry, well ventilated place . Sodium stearate, polyethylene can be used as a heat stabilizer , has excellent lubricity, good processability , and an epoxy compound with zinc soap and having a synergistic effect , can improve the thermal stability, and the base of lead salts and lead soaps and for hard products , the gelling speed can be improved . This product can be used in polyethylene and polypropylene resins to eliminate residual catalyst on the adverse effects of color and stability . This product is also widely used as a polyolefin , polyester reinforced plastic , phenolic resin, amino resin, thermosetting plastics lubricants and release agents .
Sodium stearate, calcium stearate and sodium chloride by metathesis reaction derived fine white powder , metallic calcium content of 6.5% , mp 149-155 ℃, heating loss is less than 2% , the relative density of 1.08 , fineness by 0.075mm sieve 99.5% , free acid ( as stearic acid ) 0.5% , in the air, water absorption .
The product can be used as a thermal stabilizer of polyethylene , has excellent lubricity, good processability , and an epoxy compound black iron oxide with zinc soap and having a synergistic effect , can improve the thermal stability, and the base of lead salts and lead soap and used hardware products , you can improve the speed of gelation . This product can be used in polyethylene and polypropylene resins to eliminate residual catalyst on the adverse effects of color and stability . This product is also widely used as a polyolefin , polyester reinforced plastic , phenolic resin, amino resin, thermosetting plastics lubricants and release agents.
Sodium stearate of formula Na (C18H35O2) { i.e. (C17H35COO) Na}, molecular weight 306.46 . 7.51% sodium containing stearic acid 92.50 , purity 99.5%. White powder or white block, with creamy , fatty taste , soluble Plastic chemical in water or alcohol-water solution is alkaline due to hydrolysis . Melting point 100 ~ 110 ℃, should be kept in kept in a cool , dry, well ventilated place . Sodium stearate, polyethylene can be used as a heat stabilizer , has excellent lubricity, good processability , and an epoxy compound with zinc soap and having a synergistic effect , can improve the thermal stability, and the base of lead salts and lead soaps and for hard products , the gelling speed can be improved . This product can be used in polyethylene and polypropylene resins to eliminate residual catalyst on the adverse effects of color and stability . This product is also widely used as a polyolefin , polyester reinforced plastic , phenolic resin, amino resin, thermosetting plastics lubricants and release agents .
2013年9月29日星期日
Analysis of aluminum sulfate in waste water treatment in the use of chemical
In most small and medium sized production and processing plant and sewage treatment plant is the most applied chemical precipitation wastewater treatment , wastewater coagulation treatment, waste PVC stabilizer water treatment and waste water and oxidation treatment . Wastewater chemical treatment including wastewater ozonation treatment , waste water electrolysis treatment , waste water treatment chemical precipitation , coagulation wastewater treatment , waste water treatment and waste water oxidation and treatment method. The chemistry of aluminum sulfate in wastewater treatment and in what kind of role does occur , it is also how to play that role yet.
In the role of the water chemical treatment
Aluminum sulfate in water chemistry, most of the time based coagulants appear . It contains varying amounts of crystal water : Al2 (SO4) 3.18 H2O where n = 6,10,14,16,8 and 27 , commonly used is Al2 (SO4) 3.18 H2O molecular weight of 666.41 , the proportion of 1.61 , the appearance of white , shiny crystals . Aluminum sulfate soluble in water , acidic aqueous solution at room temperature solubility is roughly 50%? PH value of 2.5 or Stearates less. Solubility in boiling water to 90 % or more. Aluminum sulfate ease of use , better coagulation treated water will not give an adverse effect . When the water temperature is low aluminum sulfate hydrolysis difficult floc looser .
Chemical treatment of wastewater in the role operations
Aluminum sulfate most commonly used in our country mostly use massive or granular aluminum sulfate . According to one water-insoluble substance content and crude purification can be divided Pigments into two kinds. Soluble in water can be dry or wet dosing . Wet dosing has generally adopted a concentration of 10-20% ( by weight of solid product ) . Efficient water use narrow pH range ? Between about 5.5-8 , with the pH value of the effective hardness of the water content of the original varies , pH of 5.7-6.6 for the water softener . Medium hardness water 6.6 - 7.2 . High hardness of the water was 7.2-7.8 . Aluminum sulfate in the control dose should be considered in the above-mentioned characteristics . Sometimes adding excess water pH dropped to make aluminum coagulation pH value less effective drug not only a waste , but also so that the treated water, mix .
The above said is aluminum sulfate as a coagulant chemical in waste water treatment in the use . In fact, it is also a neutralizing agent , of course , with lime , compared to the composite base , which in the waste water used alone as a pH adjusting agent , very little can be said to apply .
In the role of the water chemical treatment
Aluminum sulfate in water chemistry, most of the time based coagulants appear . It contains varying amounts of crystal water : Al2 (SO4) 3.18 H2O where n = 6,10,14,16,8 and 27 , commonly used is Al2 (SO4) 3.18 H2O molecular weight of 666.41 , the proportion of 1.61 , the appearance of white , shiny crystals . Aluminum sulfate soluble in water , acidic aqueous solution at room temperature solubility is roughly 50%? PH value of 2.5 or Stearates less. Solubility in boiling water to 90 % or more. Aluminum sulfate ease of use , better coagulation treated water will not give an adverse effect . When the water temperature is low aluminum sulfate hydrolysis difficult floc looser .
Chemical treatment of wastewater in the role operations
Aluminum sulfate most commonly used in our country mostly use massive or granular aluminum sulfate . According to one water-insoluble substance content and crude purification can be divided Pigments into two kinds. Soluble in water can be dry or wet dosing . Wet dosing has generally adopted a concentration of 10-20% ( by weight of solid product ) . Efficient water use narrow pH range ? Between about 5.5-8 , with the pH value of the effective hardness of the water content of the original varies , pH of 5.7-6.6 for the water softener . Medium hardness water 6.6 - 7.2 . High hardness of the water was 7.2-7.8 . Aluminum sulfate in the control dose should be considered in the above-mentioned characteristics . Sometimes adding excess water pH dropped to make aluminum coagulation pH value less effective drug not only a waste , but also so that the treated water, mix .
The above said is aluminum sulfate as a coagulant chemical in waste water treatment in the use . In fact, it is also a neutralizing agent , of course , with lime , compared to the composite base , which in the waste water used alone as a pH adjusting agent , very little can be said to apply .
2013年9月28日星期六
free metal soap
Metal soap a metal other than an alkali metal , a metal oxide or salt and a fatty acid , rosin acid , naphthenic acid soap derived role .
Metallic soap can not be direct saponification of fats , sodium fatty acid soap and are based on the corresponding metal salt solution was prepared by metathesis reaction , also useful for fatty acid and metal powder obtained melting method , but the quality is not high. Common metallic soap of calcium , magnesium, zinc , lead, aluminum , manganese, iron , cobalt , nickel, molybdenum , barium , cadmium and so on. Generally insoluble in water, insoluble in ethanol most , some can be dissolved in turpentine or ligroin , some can be dispersed in the other organic solvents or drying oil .
Mainly used in paint industry and PVC heat stabilizer for fittings the plastics industry , mainly in the coatings industry as oil-based paints , coatings and alkyd paints phenolic driers . In the plastics industry , can be used as stabilizers. In addition, also for the preparation of greases , waterproofing agents , preservatives , cosmetics and pharmaceutical products. Where the use of metal soap formed by metal salts and organic fertilizer can construct Wong . But as a general alkali metal soaps are dissolved in water , washed our common soap is such a case . And the other is an alkaline earth metal and heavy metal soaps generated , are not soluble in water, but soluble in organic solvent , referred to herein metallic soap , soap entails in terms of the latter category . Metallic soaps very wide range of applications , this oxidized PE WAX is really special because it has a relatively structural reason. Metal soap a metal other than an alkali metal , a metal oxide or salt and a fatty acid , rosin acid , naphthenic acid soap derived role .
Metallic soap can not be direct saponification of fats , sodium fatty acid soap and are based on the corresponding metal salt solution was prepared by metathesis reaction , also useful for fatty acid and metal powder obtained melting method , but the quality is not high. Common metallic soap Acrylic processing aid of calcium , magnesium, zinc , lead, aluminum , manganese, iron , cobalt , nickel, molybdenum , barium , cadmium and so on. Generally insoluble in water, insoluble in ethanol most , some can be dissolved in turpentine or ligroin , some can be dispersed in the other organic solvents or drying oil .
Mainly used in paint industry and the plastics industry , mainly in the coatings industry as oil-based paints , coatings and alkyd paints phenolic driers . In the plastics industry , can be used as stabilizers. In addition, also for the preparation of greases , waterproofing agents , preservatives , cosmetics and pharmaceutical products.
Metallic soap can not be direct saponification of fats , sodium fatty acid soap and are based on the corresponding metal salt solution was prepared by metathesis reaction , also useful for fatty acid and metal powder obtained melting method , but the quality is not high. Common metallic soap of calcium , magnesium, zinc , lead, aluminum , manganese, iron , cobalt , nickel, molybdenum , barium , cadmium and so on. Generally insoluble in water, insoluble in ethanol most , some can be dissolved in turpentine or ligroin , some can be dispersed in the other organic solvents or drying oil .
Mainly used in paint industry and PVC heat stabilizer for fittings the plastics industry , mainly in the coatings industry as oil-based paints , coatings and alkyd paints phenolic driers . In the plastics industry , can be used as stabilizers. In addition, also for the preparation of greases , waterproofing agents , preservatives , cosmetics and pharmaceutical products. Where the use of metal soap formed by metal salts and organic fertilizer can construct Wong . But as a general alkali metal soaps are dissolved in water , washed our common soap is such a case . And the other is an alkaline earth metal and heavy metal soaps generated , are not soluble in water, but soluble in organic solvent , referred to herein metallic soap , soap entails in terms of the latter category . Metallic soaps very wide range of applications , this oxidized PE WAX is really special because it has a relatively structural reason. Metal soap a metal other than an alkali metal , a metal oxide or salt and a fatty acid , rosin acid , naphthenic acid soap derived role .
Metallic soap can not be direct saponification of fats , sodium fatty acid soap and are based on the corresponding metal salt solution was prepared by metathesis reaction , also useful for fatty acid and metal powder obtained melting method , but the quality is not high. Common metallic soap Acrylic processing aid of calcium , magnesium, zinc , lead, aluminum , manganese, iron , cobalt , nickel, molybdenum , barium , cadmium and so on. Generally insoluble in water, insoluble in ethanol most , some can be dissolved in turpentine or ligroin , some can be dispersed in the other organic solvents or drying oil .
Mainly used in paint industry and the plastics industry , mainly in the coatings industry as oil-based paints , coatings and alkyd paints phenolic driers . In the plastics industry , can be used as stabilizers. In addition, also for the preparation of greases , waterproofing agents , preservatives , cosmetics and pharmaceutical products.
2013年9月27日星期五
Why use the microwave method hydrated aluminum sulfate dehydration
What is a hydrated aluminum sulfate
Hydrated aluminum sulfate is the sulfate containing water of crystallization of aluminum, which carry respectively 6,10,16,18 and 27 water molecules. Hydrated aluminum sulfate anhydrous aluminum sulfate prices fluorescent brightener relative to the price to be lower. Traffic and scope of the application has not been. Traditional and low water in the preparation of anhydrous aluminum sulfate dehydration process will consume a lot of energy, and the use of microwave dehydration dehydration What advantages does it have?
Microwave radiation hydrated aluminum sulfate PVC stabilizer for fittings dehydration advantage
Dehydration is microwave radiation in the microwave field warming up for hydrated aluminum sulfate for dehydration, it has (1) microwave radiation to make aluminum sulfate hydrate dehydrated efficient than traditional methods, and the power consumption is very low, has great potential applications. (2) under microwave irradiation select the appropriate help to further reduce antimony trioxide power consumption and improve efficiency. (3) microwave radiation heating curve dehydration process there will be some fluctuation, microwave radiation dehydration temperature is lower than the desired macro traditional heating dehydration desired temperature. (4) using conventional microwave dehydration and dehydration product compared to its crystalline phases and morphologies have some differences.
ydrated aluminum sulfate in the aqueous ferrous sulfate without saying similar to the relationship between the fish, after dehydration of the product, the content will be relatively higher. And more use of these chemical products storage, transportation.
Hydrated aluminum sulfate is the sulfate containing water of crystallization of aluminum, which carry respectively 6,10,16,18 and 27 water molecules. Hydrated aluminum sulfate anhydrous aluminum sulfate prices fluorescent brightener relative to the price to be lower. Traffic and scope of the application has not been. Traditional and low water in the preparation of anhydrous aluminum sulfate dehydration process will consume a lot of energy, and the use of microwave dehydration dehydration What advantages does it have?
Microwave radiation hydrated aluminum sulfate PVC stabilizer for fittings dehydration advantage
Dehydration is microwave radiation in the microwave field warming up for hydrated aluminum sulfate for dehydration, it has (1) microwave radiation to make aluminum sulfate hydrate dehydrated efficient than traditional methods, and the power consumption is very low, has great potential applications. (2) under microwave irradiation select the appropriate help to further reduce antimony trioxide power consumption and improve efficiency. (3) microwave radiation heating curve dehydration process there will be some fluctuation, microwave radiation dehydration temperature is lower than the desired macro traditional heating dehydration desired temperature. (4) using conventional microwave dehydration and dehydration product compared to its crystalline phases and morphologies have some differences.
ydrated aluminum sulfate in the aqueous ferrous sulfate without saying similar to the relationship between the fish, after dehydration of the product, the content will be relatively higher. And more use of these chemical products storage, transportation.
What is aluminum sulfate gel
Aluminum sulfate is the use of aluminum sulfate gel alumina prepared with agglutination made. Some people will have a unifying role of aluminum sulfate adsorption called aluminum sulfate gel. Sodium silicate as PVC
foaming board stabilizer silica source, aluminum sulfate was prepared as the aluminum source is called aluminosilicate gel alumina xerogel. The use of aluminum sulfate sulfur aluminate-based high-water gel material modification
What is a gel
Gel refers to the zinc borate flame retardant particle size between 1 Å to 10 Å mixture. Polymer solution and some of the sol, under the right conditions, the entire system will be converted into a flexible thick semi-solid material, loss of mobility. This phenomenon is called gelation, the resulting product is called a gel or gel.
What is the role of aluminum sulfate gel and
Aluminum sulfate gels and sintered iron-aluminum sulfate can also be used as raw material for production of high purity alumina, the latter as advanced ceramics and abrasives. Aluminum sulfate in the treatment of industrial and municipal waste water is used as a coagulant. To be PVC flame retardant added to water, the reaction gelatinous precipitate alumina trihydrate, absorption settlement bacteria, colloids and other suspended substances. Aluminum sulfate gel medicine, aluminum sulfate gel has a virus removal effect, such as endotoxin, protein nucleic acids, viruses and microorganisms, commonly used in pediatric diarrhea, treatment of stomach problems.
Aluminum sulfate gel also serves as apples, watermelon rind pectin and so on. As the peel pectin gel precipitated salt and ferrous sulfate gel, polyacrylamide gel and the potassium permanganate gel.
What is a gel
Gel refers to the zinc borate flame retardant particle size between 1 Å to 10 Å mixture. Polymer solution and some of the sol, under the right conditions, the entire system will be converted into a flexible thick semi-solid material, loss of mobility. This phenomenon is called gelation, the resulting product is called a gel or gel.
What is the role of aluminum sulfate gel and
Aluminum sulfate gels and sintered iron-aluminum sulfate can also be used as raw material for production of high purity alumina, the latter as advanced ceramics and abrasives. Aluminum sulfate in the treatment of industrial and municipal waste water is used as a coagulant. To be PVC flame retardant added to water, the reaction gelatinous precipitate alumina trihydrate, absorption settlement bacteria, colloids and other suspended substances. Aluminum sulfate gel medicine, aluminum sulfate gel has a virus removal effect, such as endotoxin, protein nucleic acids, viruses and microorganisms, commonly used in pediatric diarrhea, treatment of stomach problems.
Aluminum sulfate gel also serves as apples, watermelon rind pectin and so on. As the peel pectin gel precipitated salt and ferrous sulfate gel, polyacrylamide gel and the potassium permanganate gel.
2013年9月25日星期三
complex metal soap heat stabilizers on the thermal stability of
PVC heat stabilizers generally based on processing of tribasic lead sulfate ( three salt ) , dibasic lead stearate ( two salt ) -based, then add a small amount of lead stearate ( hard lead ) and calcium stearate ( hard calcium ) , may be used alone , can be reasonable, made of composite lead salt stabilizer. The toxicity of lead cause for great concern , three magnesium
stearate salt , two lead salt stabilizer higher indifferent people , and thus the metal soap -based heat stabilizer ( particularly a lead-free metal soap ) for people concerned , the thermal stability of the metal soap mechanism has become a hot topic. Because PVC heat stabilizers in the production aspect is protected by patents , so there is no reported its exact composition and epoxidation
of soybean oil content . Commercial heat stabilizers are commercially available mixture of various compounds . Mixture is better than pure substances stabilizing effect . Meanwhile , in dealing PVC heat stabilizers are required to carefully consider its toxicity. PVC, processors and consumers should pay attention to warnings about the toxicity of stabilizer . With plastic additive advanced equipment and technology can analyze the chemical composition of the stabilizer . Composite metal soap heat stabilizers 4180 ( referred to 4180 ) is a novel heat stabilizer PVC processing , is to analyze them in order to provide a viable analysis technique , it is beneficial for heat stabilizers toxic substances supervision.
2013年9月24日星期二
introduces some major stearate
Stearate is an additive for a wide range , the most important role of the polymer with very good results. Such as polyolefins can be used as an acid neutralizer , the article has a good lubricating effect , increase heat
stabilizer for panel life expectancy ( in terms of the thermoset product ) . Market , stearate great demand, generally focused on: calcium stearate, zinc stearate, sodium stearate these types . Lianyungang Huaming Tai Material Technology Co., Ltd. is mainly engaged in three types of stearate.
Production of stearic acid salt is a complex process, after several in-depth exchanges , flash dryer as stearate final process section . More than two years , the use of easy -degree flash dryer for n-butyl stearate drying stearate effect is remarkable, not only high production efficiency, and fewer human resources needed , greatly reducing the cost of doing business .
Drying stearate ( calcium stearate, zinc stearate, sodium stearate ), the main difficulty lies in mesh powder is too low, the drying time is not a good collection of dust than expected . Choose the traditional bag dust removal equipment can not solve this problem. Our response to this situation , the traditional baghouse has been improved, under the heat stabilizer for pipe premise of ensuring the production , making the maximum amount of material was collected . Stearate using flash dryer drying , the effect is remarkable, and , again using the flash drying equipment high production requirements under full load operation. Tailored for the enterprise is the most suitable drying equipment drying machine I designed purpose . Communicate constantly , constantly solving puzzles , and constantly break through the self .
Production of stearic acid salt is a complex process, after several in-depth exchanges , flash dryer as stearate final process section . More than two years , the use of easy -degree flash dryer for n-butyl stearate drying stearate effect is remarkable, not only high production efficiency, and fewer human resources needed , greatly reducing the cost of doing business .
Drying stearate ( calcium stearate, zinc stearate, sodium stearate ), the main difficulty lies in mesh powder is too low, the drying time is not a good collection of dust than expected . Choose the traditional bag dust removal equipment can not solve this problem. Our response to this situation , the traditional baghouse has been improved, under the heat stabilizer for pipe premise of ensuring the production , making the maximum amount of material was collected . Stearate using flash dryer drying , the effect is remarkable, and , again using the flash drying equipment high production requirements under full load operation. Tailored for the enterprise is the most suitable drying equipment drying machine I designed purpose . Communicate constantly , constantly solving puzzles , and constantly break through the self .
2013年9月23日星期一
Cadmium zinc stearate and stearic acid , magnesium stearate difference
Technical indicators a zinc stearate , molecular formula : Zn (C17H35COO) 2 two , molecular weight : 631 Third, the production process: stearic acid in hot water and lye saponification reaction with sodium stearate and zinc chloride occurred metathesis reaction of zinc stearate , dehydrated , and Acrylic impact modifier air drying the finished product . Fourth, the physical and chemical properties : White light powder , specific gravity 1.095 , a greasy feel , insoluble in water , soluble in hot ethanol , benzene and turpentine and other organic solvents, strong acid is decomposed into stearic acid and corresponding zinc ,
Magnesium stearate technical indicators one , Formula : Mg (C17H35COO) 2 two , sub Quality : 591 Third, the triple pressed stearic acid production process: stearic acid in hot water and lye saponification reaction with sodium stearate and magnesium occur metathesis reaction of magnesium stearate, dehydrated , and air drying the finished product . Fourth, the physical and chemical properties : White light powder , specific gravity 1.028 , tasteless, slightly soluble in water , soluble in hot ethanol , the event is decomposed into stearic acid and corresponding magnesium salts , this product is hygroscopic .
Technical indicators a cadmium stearate , molecular formula : (C17H35COO) 2Cb two , Weight: 678 Third, the Plastic impact modifier production process: stearic acid in hot water and lye saponification reaction with sodium stearate and cadmium nitrate metathesis reaction occurs generate cadmium stearate , after dehydration and air drying the finished product . Fourth, the physical and chemical properties : White light powder , density 1.28g/cm3, insoluble in water. Dissolved in hot ethanol and ether , absorb moisture in the air , the case is decomposed into stearic acid and corresponding cadmium salts .
Magnesium stearate technical indicators one , Formula : Mg (C17H35COO) 2 two , sub Quality : 591 Third, the triple pressed stearic acid production process: stearic acid in hot water and lye saponification reaction with sodium stearate and magnesium occur metathesis reaction of magnesium stearate, dehydrated , and air drying the finished product . Fourth, the physical and chemical properties : White light powder , specific gravity 1.028 , tasteless, slightly soluble in water , soluble in hot ethanol , the event is decomposed into stearic acid and corresponding magnesium salts , this product is hygroscopic .
Technical indicators a cadmium stearate , molecular formula : (C17H35COO) 2Cb two , Weight: 678 Third, the Plastic impact modifier production process: stearic acid in hot water and lye saponification reaction with sodium stearate and cadmium nitrate metathesis reaction occurs generate cadmium stearate , after dehydration and air drying the finished product . Fourth, the physical and chemical properties : White light powder , density 1.28g/cm3, insoluble in water. Dissolved in hot ethanol and ether , absorb moisture in the air , the case is decomposed into stearic acid and corresponding cadmium salts .
2013年9月17日星期二
Fluorescent Brightener some of the major role
I: Fluorescent Brightener BC: Appearance light yellow powder. This product is mainly used for cotton , rayon , rayon and pulp and other neutral dye bath whitening treatment .
Two : Fluorescent brightener JD-3: Appearance light yellow powder , soluble in hot water. This product is in neutral tin stabilizer or slightly alkaline conditions, for synthetic detergent , soap , paper and textiles whitening.
Three : Fluorescent brightener advance 31 #: Appearance light yellow powder , the product is mainly used for synthetic detergent , soap , soap , paper whitening , also used cotton fabric , nylon , rayon and other whitening can be whitening substance that is added Baifa Liang . IV: Fluorescent Brightener Dioctyl phthalate BR ( Brightener BL): sodium salt composition of DSD phenylisocyanate condensates , the appearance of a pale yellow powder , an anionic , microstrip red purple. 2% solution clarified , more than 95% through a 60 mesh sieve. Five: Fluorescent Brightener EBF Composition: This product is mainly used for polyester, nylon and acetate fiber whitening can liquid stabilizer also be used for synthetic fiber and cotton, wool blended fabric whitening . Six : Fluorescent brightener R: DSD sodium salt composition of phenyl isocyanate condensates , the appearance is white to pale yellow powder. This product is mainly used as a synthetic brighteners .
Eight : Fluorescent Brightener ER ( brightener PS-1): This product is used for polyester, polyester / cotton blended fabric whitening . Treated fabric with its whiteness, shade net . Has excellent washability , light fastness and resistance to sublimation .
Two : Fluorescent brightener JD-3: Appearance light yellow powder , soluble in hot water. This product is in neutral tin stabilizer or slightly alkaline conditions, for synthetic detergent , soap , paper and textiles whitening.
Three : Fluorescent brightener advance 31 #: Appearance light yellow powder , the product is mainly used for synthetic detergent , soap , soap , paper whitening , also used cotton fabric , nylon , rayon and other whitening can be whitening substance that is added Baifa Liang . IV: Fluorescent Brightener Dioctyl phthalate BR ( Brightener BL): sodium salt composition of DSD phenylisocyanate condensates , the appearance of a pale yellow powder , an anionic , microstrip red purple. 2% solution clarified , more than 95% through a 60 mesh sieve. Five: Fluorescent Brightener EBF Composition: This product is mainly used for polyester, nylon and acetate fiber whitening can liquid stabilizer also be used for synthetic fiber and cotton, wool blended fabric whitening . Six : Fluorescent brightener R: DSD sodium salt composition of phenyl isocyanate condensates , the appearance is white to pale yellow powder. This product is mainly used as a synthetic brighteners .
Eight : Fluorescent Brightener ER ( brightener PS-1): This product is used for polyester, polyester / cotton blended fabric whitening . Treated fabric with its whiteness, shade net . Has excellent washability , light fastness and resistance to sublimation .
2013年9月10日星期二
flame retardants some simple classification
Flame retardants can be classified according to their use additive flame retardant and reactive flame retardant . Flame retardant additives usually added to the manner in conjunction with the base resin , and the resin between them just a simple physical PVC heat stabilizer for fittings mixture ; reactive flame retardant is generally a molecule containing reactive elements and group-containing monomer , such as a halogenated anhydrides , halogenated bisphenol- and phosphorus-containing polyols and the like , because of its reactivity, can be chemically bonded to the molecular chain of the resin , a plastic resin part , most reactive flame retardant additive type structure or synthetic monomer . Chemical composition according to the different flame retardants can be divided into inorganic and organic flame retardants . Inorganic flame retardants include aluminum hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide , antimony oxide , zinc borate , and red phosphorus , etc., halogenated organic flame mostly carbon black powder organic bromides and organic chlorides, phosphates, halogenated phosphates , nitrogen phosphorus -based flame retardants and intumescent flame retardants. Smoke suppressant effect is to reduce the amount of flame-retardant materials and toxic smoke emission of harmful gases , mostly for molybdenum compounds, tin compounds and iron-based compounds. Although antimony trioxide and zinc borate also smoke suppression , but is often used as a flame retardant synergist and therefore classified as a flame retardant system .
Flame retardant properties of the vast majority of a hard plastic indicator , conventional flame retardant is used in halogen-containing flame retardant. Combustion of halogenated flame retardant materials produce a lot of smoke and toxic corrosive gases will cause epoxidized soybean oil secondary damage. Common ingredients are phosphorus flame retardant formulations compound, a silicon -based flame retardant , nitrogen-based flame retardants and metal hydroxides , etc. Volatile combustion does not produce corrosive gases , pollution-free flame retardants are known . Flame retardant is added to phase in the material suitable halogen flame retardant to achieve the purpose , and to avoid secondary damage caused containing halogens .
Flame retardant properties of the vast majority of a hard plastic indicator , conventional flame retardant is used in halogen-containing flame retardant. Combustion of halogenated flame retardant materials produce a lot of smoke and toxic corrosive gases will cause epoxidized soybean oil secondary damage. Common ingredients are phosphorus flame retardant formulations compound, a silicon -based flame retardant , nitrogen-based flame retardants and metal hydroxides , etc. Volatile combustion does not produce corrosive gases , pollution-free flame retardants are known . Flame retardant is added to phase in the material suitable halogen flame retardant to achieve the purpose , and to avoid secondary damage caused containing halogens .
2013年9月4日星期三
PVC heat stabilizers Processing Why do we need
Why do we need PVC heat stabilizers Processing
PVC is the first ideal structure - tail structure-CH2-CHCl-CH2-CHCl-, is quite stable. But so far the PVC synthesis method can not be like synthetic butadiene rubber, as the role of PVC stabilizer for pipe catalyst in Jigger so there are rules for orientation cis butadiene polymerization. Radical polymerization of vinyl chloride is a random polymerization, in addition to its first stable - tail structure, there are first - the first structure - CH2-CHCl-CHCl-CH-, tail - tail structure-CHCl-CH2-CH2-CHCl -; generating a coupling disproportionation vinyl Results CH2 = CH-CHCl-CH2-structure polyethylene oxide and allyl chloride-CH2-CH = CH-CHCl-CH2 and so on. Generated in the PVC synthetic allyl chloride, chlorine and tertiary carbon double bond in its molecular chain structure instability, unstable order: PVC within the molecular chain allyl chloride> tertiary carbon Chlorine> allyl end groups chloride> Chung chlorine. PVC is susceptible to degradation during processing because of the structure of PVC molecular chain instability exists, if not modified for fluorescent brightener stabilization, the decomposition temperature is about 130 ℃, but that the PVC resin processed into useful articles, molding temperature to at above 190 ℃. Therefore, you must add heat stabilizers stabilize its structure improvements.
Pvc in the synthesis process so you need to add PVC heat stabilizers.
PVC is the first ideal structure - tail structure-CH2-CHCl-CH2-CHCl-, is quite stable. But so far the PVC synthesis method can not be like synthetic butadiene rubber, as the role of PVC stabilizer for pipe catalyst in Jigger so there are rules for orientation cis butadiene polymerization. Radical polymerization of vinyl chloride is a random polymerization, in addition to its first stable - tail structure, there are first - the first structure - CH2-CHCl-CHCl-CH-, tail - tail structure-CHCl-CH2-CH2-CHCl -; generating a coupling disproportionation vinyl Results CH2 = CH-CHCl-CH2-structure polyethylene oxide and allyl chloride-CH2-CH = CH-CHCl-CH2 and so on. Generated in the PVC synthetic allyl chloride, chlorine and tertiary carbon double bond in its molecular chain structure instability, unstable order: PVC within the molecular chain allyl chloride> tertiary carbon Chlorine> allyl end groups chloride> Chung chlorine. PVC is susceptible to degradation during processing because of the structure of PVC molecular chain instability exists, if not modified for fluorescent brightener stabilization, the decomposition temperature is about 130 ℃, but that the PVC resin processed into useful articles, molding temperature to at above 190 ℃. Therefore, you must add heat stabilizers stabilize its structure improvements.
Pvc in the synthesis process so you need to add PVC heat stabilizers.
PVC heat stabilizers breed some introductory
PVC primary stabilizers are those have a stabilizing effect when used alone, the compound and the secondary stabilizer is an invalid who used alone with the primary stabilizer compounds Shique synergistic effect. Some primary stabilizer or between certain to choose between the Acrylic
impact modifier main and auxiliary stabilizers act synergistically after use. First, the base of the lead salt base lead salts are used in PVC earliest and most widely used of a heat stabilizer, alkaline, and it could be heated with PVC, HCl produced REACTED stability. From toxicity, stain resistance and product transparency point of view, lead salt is not ideal. But its stabilizing effect is good, inexpensive, it is still used extensively for cheap PVC extrusion and calendered products. Because it has excellent electrical properties and low water absorption, the PVC is widely used as electrical insulation products, albums and foam stabilizers. 1.1, tribasic lead sulfate oxidized
PE WAX (also known as tribasic lead sulfate) white powder, specific gravity 7.10, sweet, toxic; hygroscopic, non-flammable and corrosive. Insoluble in water, but soluble in hot ammonium acetate, wet decomposition of the light will change color. Index 2.1, and used as electrical insulation products stabilizer. 1.2 Dibasic lead phosphate which is a fine needle-like crystalline powder; specific gravity 6.1, sweet and toxic; 200 ℃ or so into a gray-black, 450 ℃ or so turns yellow. This product is not soluble in water and organic solvents, soluble in hydrochloric acid. Refractive index 2.25, with an antioxidant effect, is an excellent weather resistance stabilizers. Second, the metal soaps metal soaps also a widely used class of PVC heat stabilizer. In carboxylic acid barium, cadmium carboxylate, zinc carboxylate, carboxylic acid, or a mixture of elemental calcium use. Its stabilizing effect is due to it in the beginning of PVC molecular chain decomposition of the place where esterification. Stabilizing effect and the strength of the metal ratio of metal soap, a carboxylic acid type, and the existence of such formulations phosphite, epoxidized oils, the antioxidant synergists. Including cadmium and zinc soap soap greatest stabilizing effect. 2.1 Lead stearate which is a fine powder, is insoluble in water, soluble in hot ethanol and ether. Heated and dissolved in an organic solvent, and then cooling a gum. Case of decomposition of stearic acid and the corresponding lead salts, easy to damp. Has good lubricity, low melting point and that it has the excellent dispersibility. 2.2,2 - ethyl acetate, lead is soluble solvents and plasticizers. Often dubbed 57-60% mineral oil or plasticizer was sold. Widely used in foam blowing agent azodicarbonamide activator. 2.3 Lead salicylate which is a white crystalline powder, specific gravity 2.36, refractive index 1.76. Both PVC heat stabilizers and light stabilizers. 2.4, tribasic lead stearate is a white powder, specific gravity 2.15,280-300 ℃ decomposition, the case of high temperature above 100 ℃ caking. Soluble in ether, poisonous, non-flammable and corrosive. Refractive index of 1.60. This product is good lubricity, good light stability, widely used in PVC formulations title. 2.5, dibasic lead phthalate white fine crystalline powder, specific gravity 4.5. Insoluble in common solvents. This product is weak, and its base portion and easy carbonation. Refractive index of 1.99. When a formula contains a plasticizer easily saponifiable stabilizing effect than tribasic lead sulfate. 2.6, three maleate salt of lead (tribasic lead maleate) yellowish fine powder, specific gravity 6.0, refractive index 2.08, toxic, non-flammable and corrosive, with good color stability, and eliminate unstable diene structure effect. 2.7, barium stearate fine white powder, barium content 19.5-20.6%, the proportion of 1.145, melting point 225 ℃ or more. Insoluble in water, but soluble in hot ethanol. Was heated and dissolved in an organic solvent, after cooling into jelly. Case of decomposition of stearic acid and the corresponding barium salt, easy to damp. Sulfur contamination must be avoided for the selection of the heat stabilizer is used when processed under high temperature lubricant. 2.8, Osmanthus barium
2.9, ricinoleic acid, which is a kind of barium yellow-white powder, mp l16-124 ℃, enabling products to obtain good transparency stabilizer. 2.10, a white fine powder cadmium stearate, cadmium content 16.5-17.5%, insoluble in water, soluble in hot ethanol, heated and dissolved in an organic solvent, a jelly after cooling, in case decomposed into stearic acid and the corresponding cadmium salt, easy to damp. Is required to have good transparency PVC heat and light stabilizers. 2.11, cadmium ricinoleate which is a white powder, mp 96-104 ℃, both heat and light stabilizers 2.12, calcium stearate fine white powder, insoluble in water, soluble in hot ethanol and ether. Case of decomposition of stearic acid and corresponding calcium salt, easy to damp. Is a non-toxic PVC stabilizers and lubricants. Generally not used alone, but often with soap zinc, magnesium soap or vice epoxy stabilizer used in conjunction. 2.13, castor calcium is a white powder, melting point 74-82 ℃, PVC with a non-toxic stabilizers. 2.14, zinc stearate fine white powder, insoluble in water, soluble in hot ethanol, turpentine, benzene and other organic solvents. Was heated and dissolved in an organic solvent, after cooling a gum. Case of decomposition of stearic acid and the corresponding zinc, easy to damp. Is a non-toxic PVC stabilizers and lubricants. 2.15, magnesium stearate white powder, specific gravity 1.07, melting point of pure 85 ℃, industrial mp l08-115 ℃. Slightly soluble in water, soluble in hot ethanol, the case of decomposition of stearic acid and magnesium. This is a non-toxic PVC stabilizers and lubricants, but also phenol and urea formaldehyde resin lubricant. Third, the composite stabilizer 3.1, liquids and liquid barium cadmium, barium cadmium zinc composite stabilizer such composite stabilizer is mainly used for the processing of soft PVC products, the basic components include: (a) barium salt - can be alkyl barium phenol 2 - ethylhexanoic acid, barium laurate, barium, barium benzoic acid and substituted benzoic acid, neodecanoic acid and barium. Barium salt complexes accounted 6-7% salt with cadmium ratio is about 2:1.32 (as metal, by weight, the same below). (2) cadmium salts - can be 2 - ethylhexanoic acid, cadmium laurate, cadmium, cadmium oleate, phenyl and substituted benzoic acid, cadmium, cadmium naphthenate, neodecanoate, and cadmium. Cadmium salt complexes about 3-4%. (3) zinc salt - may be 2 - ethylhexanoate, zinc laurate, zinc naphthenate, zinc neodecanoate, benzoic acid and substituted benzoic acid zinc. Accounts for the composite zinc 0.5-1%. (4) phosphite - may be triphenyl phosphite, diphenyl phosphite, an octyl diphenyl phosphite, a decyl phosphite, tris (nonylphenyl), etc. In the phosphite complexes about 15-20% (by weight), as a chelating agent. (5) Other - include minor amounts of 2,6 - tert-butyl-p-cresol, bisphenol A, nonylphenol and other phenolic antioxidants and ultraviolet absorbers, and a liquid paraffin, white oil, diesel oil, spindle oil mineral oil as solvent, and the need small amount of antifoaming agent such as a higher alcohol. Liquid barium cadmium zinc composite stabilizer because different composition, properties are also different. But is generally pale yellow to yellow clear liquid, specific gravity 0.95-1.02 at room temperature, the viscosity of less than 100 cps, freezing point at -15 ℃ or so. Liquid Ba Ba Cd, Zn and Cd, and similar liquids, has excellent heat and light stability; initial coloration is small, good titanium dioxide anatase transparency and color stability. Their stabilizing effect than solid composite soaps, therefore, may reduce the amount of, usually 2-3 parts, the dust does not occur poisoning, and completely dissolved in the plasticizer in the general, good dispersion, small tendency to precipitate. Wherein the liquid barium cadmium zinc early color than the liquid barium cadmium smaller. 3.2 Liquid Ba-Zn complexes are generally pale yellow to yellow-brown oily liquid, specific gravity of 1.0-1.1 at room temperature, good heat resistance, pollution from sulfur, with an epoxy plasticizer and used to increase the stabilizing effect on the hair foam agents are activation. 3.3, non-toxic liquid calcium zinc complexes of liquid calcium zinc stabilizer main ingredients are calcium stearate, castor oil, calcium, zinc stearate, castor oil, zinc and epoxy soybean oil, ultraviolet absorber. Liquid calcium zinc stabilizer off
Agents are generally more soluble in organic solvents used fewer carbon fatty acid calcium salts and zinc salts. Because of different compositions, varied in nature, usually pale yellow to yellow clear oily liquid at room temperature under a specific gravity of 1.0 to 1.05. It is non-toxic PVC stabilizer, mainly for food packaging films, containers, and foam stabilizer for leather. Fourth, organotin stabilizers organotin stabilizers are various carboxylic acids derivatives of tin and tin mercaptide, the main products are dibutyl tin and dioctyl tin compounds, which Dioctyltin countries as being more toxic stabilizer be used. Organotin primarily to stabilize rigid PVC products, especially those that require a superior transparency and thermal stability of the product. Of course, soft products can be stably, but because of its price is more expensive, it is generally not used. 4.1, dibutyl tin dilaurate is a pale yellow clear liquid, dissolved in a plasticizer and all industrial solvents, the toxic materials. It is the oldest organotin species, has excellent lubricity, transparency and weather resistance, resistance to sulfur pollution, but the heat resistance is poor. As the main products, soft transparent stabilizers, rigid transparent products used as lubricants. 4.2, dibutyltin maleate which is a white amorphous powder, melting and volatile vary with the degree of polymerization, between about 100-140 ℃. This product is toxic, a tear. Primarily used for high softening point and high impact strength rigid transparent products. Because no lubrication so often and dibutyl tin and used, the amount of 0.5-2. 4.3, bis (monobutyl maleate), dibutyltin light yellow transparent liquid, non-toxic (to allow the amount of 3 parts or less). This product has good weather resistance, transparency, and thermal stability preventing coloration does not occur sulfur pollution, commonly used in transparent PVC rigid products, the amount of 2.0-4.0 parts. 4.4, bis (isobutyl thioglycolate), di-n-octyl tin which is a pale yellow liquid, insoluble in water, soluble in esters, ethers, alcohols, aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, chlorinated hydrocarbons and the major types of plasticizer . It is the main tin mercaptide species, the most commonly used one non-toxic organotin stabilizers for rigid transparent PVC (2-3 copies) and soft transparent PVC (1 copy). The disadvantage is poor weather, the smell would sulfur pollution, no lubrication. In addition, because it contains an ester group, so there is a certain degree of plasticization.
2.9, ricinoleic acid, which is a kind of barium yellow-white powder, mp l16-124 ℃, enabling products to obtain good transparency stabilizer. 2.10, a white fine powder cadmium stearate, cadmium content 16.5-17.5%, insoluble in water, soluble in hot ethanol, heated and dissolved in an organic solvent, a jelly after cooling, in case decomposed into stearic acid and the corresponding cadmium salt, easy to damp. Is required to have good transparency PVC heat and light stabilizers. 2.11, cadmium ricinoleate which is a white powder, mp 96-104 ℃, both heat and light stabilizers 2.12, calcium stearate fine white powder, insoluble in water, soluble in hot ethanol and ether. Case of decomposition of stearic acid and corresponding calcium salt, easy to damp. Is a non-toxic PVC stabilizers and lubricants. Generally not used alone, but often with soap zinc, magnesium soap or vice epoxy stabilizer used in conjunction. 2.13, castor calcium is a white powder, melting point 74-82 ℃, PVC with a non-toxic stabilizers. 2.14, zinc stearate fine white powder, insoluble in water, soluble in hot ethanol, turpentine, benzene and other organic solvents. Was heated and dissolved in an organic solvent, after cooling a gum. Case of decomposition of stearic acid and the corresponding zinc, easy to damp. Is a non-toxic PVC stabilizers and lubricants. 2.15, magnesium stearate white powder, specific gravity 1.07, melting point of pure 85 ℃, industrial mp l08-115 ℃. Slightly soluble in water, soluble in hot ethanol, the case of decomposition of stearic acid and magnesium. This is a non-toxic PVC stabilizers and lubricants, but also phenol and urea formaldehyde resin lubricant. Third, the composite stabilizer 3.1, liquids and liquid barium cadmium, barium cadmium zinc composite stabilizer such composite stabilizer is mainly used for the processing of soft PVC products, the basic components include: (a) barium salt - can be alkyl barium phenol 2 - ethylhexanoic acid, barium laurate, barium, barium benzoic acid and substituted benzoic acid, neodecanoic acid and barium. Barium salt complexes accounted 6-7% salt with cadmium ratio is about 2:1.32 (as metal, by weight, the same below). (2) cadmium salts - can be 2 - ethylhexanoic acid, cadmium laurate, cadmium, cadmium oleate, phenyl and substituted benzoic acid, cadmium, cadmium naphthenate, neodecanoate, and cadmium. Cadmium salt complexes about 3-4%. (3) zinc salt - may be 2 - ethylhexanoate, zinc laurate, zinc naphthenate, zinc neodecanoate, benzoic acid and substituted benzoic acid zinc. Accounts for the composite zinc 0.5-1%. (4) phosphite - may be triphenyl phosphite, diphenyl phosphite, an octyl diphenyl phosphite, a decyl phosphite, tris (nonylphenyl), etc. In the phosphite complexes about 15-20% (by weight), as a chelating agent. (5) Other - include minor amounts of 2,6 - tert-butyl-p-cresol, bisphenol A, nonylphenol and other phenolic antioxidants and ultraviolet absorbers, and a liquid paraffin, white oil, diesel oil, spindle oil mineral oil as solvent, and the need small amount of antifoaming agent such as a higher alcohol. Liquid barium cadmium zinc composite stabilizer because different composition, properties are also different. But is generally pale yellow to yellow clear liquid, specific gravity 0.95-1.02 at room temperature, the viscosity of less than 100 cps, freezing point at -15 ℃ or so. Liquid Ba Ba Cd, Zn and Cd, and similar liquids, has excellent heat and light stability; initial coloration is small, good titanium dioxide anatase transparency and color stability. Their stabilizing effect than solid composite soaps, therefore, may reduce the amount of, usually 2-3 parts, the dust does not occur poisoning, and completely dissolved in the plasticizer in the general, good dispersion, small tendency to precipitate. Wherein the liquid barium cadmium zinc early color than the liquid barium cadmium smaller. 3.2 Liquid Ba-Zn complexes are generally pale yellow to yellow-brown oily liquid, specific gravity of 1.0-1.1 at room temperature, good heat resistance, pollution from sulfur, with an epoxy plasticizer and used to increase the stabilizing effect on the hair foam agents are activation. 3.3, non-toxic liquid calcium zinc complexes of liquid calcium zinc stabilizer main ingredients are calcium stearate, castor oil, calcium, zinc stearate, castor oil, zinc and epoxy soybean oil, ultraviolet absorber. Liquid calcium zinc stabilizer off
Agents are generally more soluble in organic solvents used fewer carbon fatty acid calcium salts and zinc salts. Because of different compositions, varied in nature, usually pale yellow to yellow clear oily liquid at room temperature under a specific gravity of 1.0 to 1.05. It is non-toxic PVC stabilizer, mainly for food packaging films, containers, and foam stabilizer for leather. Fourth, organotin stabilizers organotin stabilizers are various carboxylic acids derivatives of tin and tin mercaptide, the main products are dibutyl tin and dioctyl tin compounds, which Dioctyltin countries as being more toxic stabilizer be used. Organotin primarily to stabilize rigid PVC products, especially those that require a superior transparency and thermal stability of the product. Of course, soft products can be stably, but because of its price is more expensive, it is generally not used. 4.1, dibutyl tin dilaurate is a pale yellow clear liquid, dissolved in a plasticizer and all industrial solvents, the toxic materials. It is the oldest organotin species, has excellent lubricity, transparency and weather resistance, resistance to sulfur pollution, but the heat resistance is poor. As the main products, soft transparent stabilizers, rigid transparent products used as lubricants. 4.2, dibutyltin maleate which is a white amorphous powder, melting and volatile vary with the degree of polymerization, between about 100-140 ℃. This product is toxic, a tear. Primarily used for high softening point and high impact strength rigid transparent products. Because no lubrication so often and dibutyl tin and used, the amount of 0.5-2. 4.3, bis (monobutyl maleate), dibutyltin light yellow transparent liquid, non-toxic (to allow the amount of 3 parts or less). This product has good weather resistance, transparency, and thermal stability preventing coloration does not occur sulfur pollution, commonly used in transparent PVC rigid products, the amount of 2.0-4.0 parts. 4.4, bis (isobutyl thioglycolate), di-n-octyl tin which is a pale yellow liquid, insoluble in water, soluble in esters, ethers, alcohols, aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, chlorinated hydrocarbons and the major types of plasticizer . It is the main tin mercaptide species, the most commonly used one non-toxic organotin stabilizers for rigid transparent PVC (2-3 copies) and soft transparent PVC (1 copy). The disadvantage is poor weather, the smell would sulfur pollution, no lubrication. In addition, because it contains an ester group, so there is a certain degree of plasticization.
2013年8月30日星期五
Fluorescent Brightener Fluorescent Material Identification
Fluorescent Brightener ] fluorescent material identification diamond ring ring care Material Identification Method One: sensory testing the quality of wedding ring .
Look diamond color [ 1 ] : gold organic pigments is yellow , K gold yellow , red , and white multicolor, while imitation gold products , mostly copper alloy, lighter in color . Weigh weight : Gold accounted for 19.3g/cm3 considerably higher than the proportion of imitation gold products , such as a gold ring is 5 grams, while the zinc borate flame retardant same size imitation gold products generally less than 3 grams.
Diamond ring ring care Material Identification Method Two: Check mark.
Origin should play with precious metal jewelry , manufacturers , materials and content mark, unimpressed product is substandard products. Inspection agencies such as quality problems can be detected according to Mark to give judgment . Consumers want to buy according to their own needs imprint brands and different gold gold jewelry.
Diamond ring ring care Material Identification Method three : Professional bodies have been identified .
If you need to know exactly the content of precious metal jewelry or a quality dispute should go to the jewelry quality inspection agency , the use of physical or chemical analysis methods were identified. Need to check carefully when buying jewelry inlaid stone , welding is heat stabilizer for pipe solid without fracture , glitches , such as trachoma .
Diamond ring ring care Material Identification Method four : Platinum 950 Platinum 900 difference.
Platinum abbreviated PT, we basically know PT950, generally platinum ring is used for this type of material means any material containing 95% platinum jewelry components , and the remaining 5% for other precious metals, imprint of Pt950. Relative T900 containing 90% platinum jewelry components , and the remaining 10% for other precious metals, imprint of Pt900. More hard suited diamonds PT900 , PT950 relatively pure and soft , higher purity , more preservation. Most are Pt900 platinum setting , but there are a few vendors with Pt950 production setting.
Look diamond color [ 1 ] : gold organic pigments is yellow , K gold yellow , red , and white multicolor, while imitation gold products , mostly copper alloy, lighter in color . Weigh weight : Gold accounted for 19.3g/cm3 considerably higher than the proportion of imitation gold products , such as a gold ring is 5 grams, while the zinc borate flame retardant same size imitation gold products generally less than 3 grams.
Diamond ring ring care Material Identification Method Two: Check mark.
Origin should play with precious metal jewelry , manufacturers , materials and content mark, unimpressed product is substandard products. Inspection agencies such as quality problems can be detected according to Mark to give judgment . Consumers want to buy according to their own needs imprint brands and different gold gold jewelry.
Diamond ring ring care Material Identification Method three : Professional bodies have been identified .
If you need to know exactly the content of precious metal jewelry or a quality dispute should go to the jewelry quality inspection agency , the use of physical or chemical analysis methods were identified. Need to check carefully when buying jewelry inlaid stone , welding is heat stabilizer for pipe solid without fracture , glitches , such as trachoma .
Diamond ring ring care Material Identification Method four : Platinum 950 Platinum 900 difference.
Platinum abbreviated PT, we basically know PT950, generally platinum ring is used for this type of material means any material containing 95% platinum jewelry components , and the remaining 5% for other precious metals, imprint of Pt950. Relative T900 containing 90% platinum jewelry components , and the remaining 10% for other precious metals, imprint of Pt900. More hard suited diamonds PT900 , PT950 relatively pure and soft , higher purity , more preservation. Most are Pt900 platinum setting , but there are a few vendors with Pt950 production setting.
2013年8月28日星期三
impact modifier narrative
The reason why certain polymers show brittle at room temperature , which is mainly determined by the structure of the polymer itself . Polymer
The brittleness and lead stearate its molecular main chain flexibility , the molecular chain of the more flexible , its brittleness is smaller , whereas the greater brittleness . All factors affecting the flexible polymer chain , such as the main chain structure , a substituted group, the polymerization degree , crosslinking degree of the polymer can affect the brittleness. To improve the toughness of the material , the following three main ways : in
Rubber component introduced into the polymer structure , as in the bulk polymerization of styrene butadiene component may be introduced in
Preparation of high-impact polystyrene (
HIPS, which in situ in the reaction kettle modification techniques suitable for mass production . In
Introducing the polymer backbone monomers low glass transition temperature , such as bisphenol
A polycarbonate raw
Production . Through
After some modification method would have the effect of toughening complexes were blended with polymer materials ,
Thereby enhancing the impact properties of polymeric materials . Such complexes known as impact modifiers , these additives is mainly used polyvinyl chloride
Ene, polystyrene and other plastics . The modified method has the freedom and flexibility characteristics.
1.1
Mechanism of impact modifier
The impact modifier in the oxidized PE WAX polymer research, although there are a large number of scholars have carried out a series of fruitful work , but to
Today there are some issues unresolved , so it is no unified theory. Different scholars have proposed a different interpretation ,
Summarized in the following: rubber absorbs energy theory , shear yield theory, theory of cracks , crazing shear zone management
On other . Due to the use of rubber or elastomer -modified impact of plastics material will also reduce the rigidity of the self
Since there has been replaced by rigid particles of rubber and elastomer toughened polymers ideas, and the corresponding emergence of non-
Rigid polymer particle toughening machine theory .
Rubber absorbs energy theory
Is stretched when the cross section is substantially found not shrink , thereby setting
Want to cavitation occurs inside the material and the density becomes small ( approximately 8% reduction )
Year. They think its elongation stress whitening phenomenon
Is generated within the material of the hole caused by the scattering of light . Therefore, the argument put forward : when the material strain , in its internal generated a lot of very fine cracks , then there must be a
Of rubber particles across the crack , thus preventing rapid crack
Rapid expansion , while the rubber particles in its consumption of energy during deformation due
, Thereby improving the titanium dioxide toughness of the material . As shown, located
Rubber particles in a growth of the crack face , such that material by
To break the impact absorbed energy equal to the Brittle Fracture
We can add on to be broken rubber particles acting combined. While
Explained tensile yield , must assume the formation of a large number of micro- cracks in the rubber particles absorb energy schematic
And each micro-cracks were blocked by rubber particles , micro-cracks are adjacent the substrate a thin layer of polystyrene are separated . Thus, a large tensile strain can be micro- cracks open, the rubber particles are
Elongated and polystyrene layers bend to achieve. Accordingly, they assume that the rubber particles have a "bridge " effect as well as particles having a high flexibility and good adhesion to the substrate with the premise . This theory is that it is the lack of attention to the rubber , while ignoring the polymer matrix . Toughened polystyrene and polyvinyl chloride is concerned, both in the fracture behavior of a significant difference , which is not easy to explain the theory of micro-cracks
The brittleness and lead stearate its molecular main chain flexibility , the molecular chain of the more flexible , its brittleness is smaller , whereas the greater brittleness . All factors affecting the flexible polymer chain , such as the main chain structure , a substituted group, the polymerization degree , crosslinking degree of the polymer can affect the brittleness. To improve the toughness of the material , the following three main ways : in
Rubber component introduced into the polymer structure , as in the bulk polymerization of styrene butadiene component may be introduced in
Preparation of high-impact polystyrene (
HIPS, which in situ in the reaction kettle modification techniques suitable for mass production . In
Introducing the polymer backbone monomers low glass transition temperature , such as bisphenol
A polycarbonate raw
Production . Through
After some modification method would have the effect of toughening complexes were blended with polymer materials ,
Thereby enhancing the impact properties of polymeric materials . Such complexes known as impact modifiers , these additives is mainly used polyvinyl chloride
Ene, polystyrene and other plastics . The modified method has the freedom and flexibility characteristics.
1.1
Mechanism of impact modifier
The impact modifier in the oxidized PE WAX polymer research, although there are a large number of scholars have carried out a series of fruitful work , but to
Today there are some issues unresolved , so it is no unified theory. Different scholars have proposed a different interpretation ,
Summarized in the following: rubber absorbs energy theory , shear yield theory, theory of cracks , crazing shear zone management
On other . Due to the use of rubber or elastomer -modified impact of plastics material will also reduce the rigidity of the self
Since there has been replaced by rigid particles of rubber and elastomer toughened polymers ideas, and the corresponding emergence of non-
Rigid polymer particle toughening machine theory .
Rubber absorbs energy theory
Is stretched when the cross section is substantially found not shrink , thereby setting
Want to cavitation occurs inside the material and the density becomes small ( approximately 8% reduction )
Year. They think its elongation stress whitening phenomenon
Is generated within the material of the hole caused by the scattering of light . Therefore, the argument put forward : when the material strain , in its internal generated a lot of very fine cracks , then there must be a
Of rubber particles across the crack , thus preventing rapid crack
Rapid expansion , while the rubber particles in its consumption of energy during deformation due
, Thereby improving the titanium dioxide toughness of the material . As shown, located
Rubber particles in a growth of the crack face , such that material by
To break the impact absorbed energy equal to the Brittle Fracture
We can add on to be broken rubber particles acting combined. While
Explained tensile yield , must assume the formation of a large number of micro- cracks in the rubber particles absorb energy schematic
And each micro-cracks were blocked by rubber particles , micro-cracks are adjacent the substrate a thin layer of polystyrene are separated . Thus, a large tensile strain can be micro- cracks open, the rubber particles are
Elongated and polystyrene layers bend to achieve. Accordingly, they assume that the rubber particles have a "bridge " effect as well as particles having a high flexibility and good adhesion to the substrate with the premise . This theory is that it is the lack of attention to the rubber , while ignoring the polymer matrix . Toughened polystyrene and polyvinyl chloride is concerned, both in the fracture behavior of a significant difference , which is not easy to explain the theory of micro-cracks
订阅：
博文 (Atom)