free metal soap

Metal soap a metal other than an alkali metal , a metal oxide or salt and a fatty acid , rosin acid , naphthenic acid soap derived role .
Metallic soap can not be direct saponification of fats , sodium fatty acid soap and are based on the corresponding metal salt solution was prepared by metathesis reaction , also useful for fatty acid and metal powder obtained melting method , but the quality is not high. Common metallic soap of calcium , magnesium, zinc , lead, aluminum , manganese, iron , cobalt , nickel, molybdenum , barium , cadmium and so on. Generally insoluble in water, insoluble in ethanol most , some can be dissolved in turpentine or ligroin , some can be dispersed in the other organic solvents or drying oil .
Mainly used in paint industry and  PVC heat stabilizer for fittings the plastics industry , mainly in the coatings industry as oil-based paints , coatings and alkyd paints phenolic driers . In the plastics industry , can be used as stabilizers. In addition, also for the preparation of greases , waterproofing agents , preservatives , cosmetics and pharmaceutical products. Where the use of metal soap formed by metal salts and organic fertilizer can construct Wong . But as a general alkali metal soaps are dissolved in water , washed our common soap is such a case . And the other is an alkaline earth metal and heavy metal soaps generated , are not soluble in water, but soluble in organic solvent , referred to herein metallic soap , soap entails in terms of the latter category . Metallic soaps very wide range of applications , this oxidized PE WAX  is really special because it has a relatively structural reason. Metal soap a metal other than an alkali metal , a metal oxide or salt and a fatty acid , rosin acid , naphthenic acid soap derived role .
Metallic soap can not be direct saponification of fats , sodium fatty acid soap and are based on the corresponding metal salt solution was prepared by metathesis reaction , also useful for fatty acid and metal powder obtained melting method , but the quality is not high. Common metallic soap  Acrylic processing aid of calcium , magnesium, zinc , lead, aluminum , manganese, iron , cobalt , nickel, molybdenum , barium , cadmium and so on. Generally insoluble in water, insoluble in ethanol most , some can be dissolved in turpentine or ligroin , some can be dispersed in the other organic solvents or drying oil .
Mainly used in paint industry and the plastics industry , mainly in the coatings industry as oil-based paints , coatings and alkyd paints phenolic driers . In the plastics industry , can be used as stabilizers. In addition, also for the preparation of greases , waterproofing agents , preservatives , cosmetics and pharmaceutical products.

Why use the microwave method hydrated aluminum sulfate dehydration

What is a hydrated aluminum sulfate
Hydrated aluminum sulfate is the sulfate containing water of crystallization of aluminum, which carry respectively 6,10,16,18 and 27 water molecules. Hydrated aluminum sulfate anhydrous aluminum sulfate prices  fluorescent brightener relative to the price to be lower. Traffic and scope of the application has not been. Traditional and low water in the preparation of anhydrous aluminum sulfate dehydration process will consume a lot of energy, and the use of microwave dehydration dehydration What advantages does it have?
Microwave radiation hydrated aluminum sulfate PVC stabilizer for fittings  dehydration advantage
Dehydration is microwave radiation in the microwave field warming up for hydrated aluminum sulfate for dehydration, it has (1) microwave radiation to make aluminum sulfate hydrate dehydrated efficient than traditional methods, and the power consumption is very low, has great potential applications. (2) under microwave irradiation select the appropriate help to further reduce  antimony trioxide power consumption and improve efficiency. (3) microwave radiation heating curve dehydration process there will be some fluctuation, microwave radiation dehydration temperature is lower than the desired macro traditional heating dehydration desired temperature. (4) using conventional microwave dehydration and dehydration product compared to its crystalline phases and morphologies have some differences.
ydrated aluminum sulfate in the aqueous ferrous sulfate without saying similar to the relationship between the fish, after dehydration of the product, the content will be relatively higher. And more use of these chemical products storage, transportation.

complex metal soap heat stabilizers on the thermal stability of

 PVC heat stabilizers generally based on processing of tribasic lead sulfate ( three salt ) , dibasic lead stearate ( two salt ) -based, then add a small amount of lead stearate ( hard lead ) and calcium stearate ( hard calcium ) , may be used alone , can be reasonable, made ​​of composite lead salt stabilizer. The toxicity of lead cause for great concern , three magnesium stearate  salt , two lead salt stabilizer higher indifferent people , and thus the metal soap -based heat stabilizer ( particularly a lead-free metal soap ) for people concerned , the thermal stability of the metal soap mechanism has become a hot topic. Because PVC heat stabilizers in the production aspect is protected by patents , so there is no reported its exact composition and epoxidation of soybean oil  content . Commercial heat stabilizers are commercially available mixture of various compounds . Mixture is better than pure substances stabilizing effect . Meanwhile , in dealing PVC heat stabilizers are required to carefully consider its toxicity. PVC, processors and consumers should pay attention to warnings about the toxicity of stabilizer . With  plastic additive advanced equipment and technology can analyze the chemical composition of the stabilizer . Composite metal soap heat stabilizers 4180 ( referred to 4180 ) is a novel heat stabilizer PVC processing , is to analyze them in order to provide a viable analysis technique , it is beneficial for heat stabilizers toxic substances supervision.

Cadmium zinc stearate and stearic acid , magnesium stearate difference

Technical indicators a zinc stearate , molecular formula : Zn (C17H35COO) 2 two , molecular weight : 631 Third, the production process: stearic acid in hot water and lye saponification reaction with sodium stearate and zinc chloride occurred metathesis reaction of zinc stearate , dehydrated , and Acrylic impact modifier  air drying the finished product . Fourth, the physical and chemical properties : White light powder , specific gravity 1.095 , a greasy feel , insoluble in water , soluble in hot ethanol , benzene and turpentine and other organic solvents, strong acid is decomposed into stearic acid and corresponding zinc ,
  Magnesium stearate technical indicators one , Formula : Mg (C17H35COO) 2 two , sub Quality : 591 Third, the  triple pressed stearic acid production process: stearic acid in hot water and lye saponification reaction with sodium stearate and magnesium occur metathesis reaction of magnesium stearate, dehydrated , and air drying the finished product . Fourth, the physical and chemical properties : White light powder , specific gravity 1.028 , tasteless, slightly soluble in water , soluble in hot ethanol , the event is decomposed into stearic acid and corresponding magnesium salts , this product is hygroscopic .
  Technical indicators a cadmium stearate , molecular formula : (C17H35COO) 2Cb two , Weight: 678 Third, the  Plastic impact modifier production process: stearic acid in hot water and lye saponification reaction with sodium stearate and cadmium nitrate metathesis reaction occurs generate cadmium stearate , after dehydration and air drying the finished product . Fourth, the physical and chemical properties : White light powder , density 1.28g/cm3, insoluble in water. Dissolved in hot ethanol and ether , absorb moisture in the air , the case is decomposed into stearic acid and corresponding cadmium salts .

Impact modifiers and processing of the main function modifier

 Impact modifiers and processing modifier
( A ) impact modifiers and processing modifier function
1 , the performance of impact modifier
To improve the impact properties of plastic additives added for the purpose referred to as impact modifier . These additives can not only improve the impact strength of the resin , but also to improve the processability of the resin . Impact modifier is typically used in rigid PVC , but in polypropylene, polystyrene and modified plastics has universal application. Currently , rigid PVC impact modifier used mainly  plastic flame retardant some copolymer resin or a modified resin such as ABS, MBS, EVA, CPE , and thermoplastic rubber , thermoplastic elastomers , which are widely used as PVC, PE, PP, PS, AS, ABS, PMMA, PA, PC, PBT, PET and so on. Impact modifier may be added into a ductile plastic brittle plastics can be applied only in the normal temperature of the plastic into a plastic used at low temperatures , in addition , can effectively improve the processing properties of plastics .
Ideal resistance modifier should have the following properties:
① and modification of the substrate must have a good compatibility.
② modifier particle size, morphology medium a diameter of about 200nm is appropriate to protect the effect is a high impact strength .
③ modifier to lower the glass transition temperature is preferred.
④ impact modifier preferably has slightly crosslinked to improve the reinforcing effect .
⑤ modifier processing properties of the resin without prejudice to its apparent performance and physical and mechanical properties without adverse effects.
⑥ requires non-toxic, non-polluting and affordable.
2 , the processing performance modifier
Processing modifier for plastic processing performance is poor and development of a class of additives that are added to improve the polymer in the molten resin flow , and a thermal stability, heat distortion resistance and surface gloss of the material products . Currently, the processing modifier is mainly to improve the melt viscosity of PVC , improved flowability and processability.
Processing modifier primarily polymer, the application is more acrylic copolymer , such as methyl methacrylate / acrylic acid copolymer system (MMA / FA system ) , methyl methacrylate / butyl methacrylate acrylate / ethyl acrylate / methyl methacrylate copolymer systems (MMA / BMA / EA / EMA system ) , methyl methacrylate / ethyl acrylate / acrylonitrile copolymer system (MMA / EA / AN system ), etc. The amount of resin added is usually from 3% to 8%.
( Two ) impact modifiers and processing modifier classification and species
1 , impact modifiers and species classification
① acrylonitrile - butadiene - styrene copolymer (ABS): ABS resin is a graft copolymer of polybutadiene latex is added to the styrene and acrylonitrile monomers copolymerized . Impact modifier for PVC, ABS has a good effect, the toughening effect, while the tensile  Impact modifier for PVC strength and elongation decrease is small, the general amount of 10% to 20%. ABS resin due to the presence of unsaturated structures , weather is poor, so products should not be long-term outdoor use . ABS resin is less than the compatibility with PVC, MBS, the product transparency is not as good MBS copolymer ; such as a transparent ABS and PVC blends can obtain a transparent products. When the ABS dosage of 20% to 30 %, the impact strength with excellent results.
② methyl methacrylate - butadiene - styrene copolymer (MBS): MBS is to polybutadiene or butadiene - styrene emulsion , methyl methacrylate graft copolymerized . Adding MBS resin can improve the impact toughness of PVC , polyvinyl chloride increase the transparency , but poor aging resistance of MBS , MBS higher rubber content , the higher the impact toughness . MBS added amount is generally 10% to 17 % is appropriate, more than 30 % of the brittle failure occurs .
③ chlorinated polyethylene (CPE): chlorinated polyethylene of high density polyethylene (HDPE) chlorination , chlorine content is generally 30% to 45% , depending on the resin component , the chlorine content , the molecular structure and morphology different , showing a rigid plastic from the rubber elastic body in different state changes. Molecular weight of 1,000,000 or more CPE is not only good impact resistance , and excellent weather resistance , ABS and MBS overcome the shortcomings of poor weather . In addition , CPE chlorine in a great effect on the size of the modified , low chlorine content , its high crystallinity and poor toughness , high glass transition temperature , poor compatibility with PVC . Chlorine content is too high , CPE 's cohesion is stronger , but relatively poor dispersion . CPE in PVC dosage is generally 5% to 15%. CPE, cold resistance, chemical stability , flame resistance, oil resistance and electrical insulating properties are good .
④ ethylene - vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA): EVA used as modifiers of PVC , the vinyl acetate content should be more than 40 ¥ . EVA good weather resistance, modified PVC products can be used outdoors, but the transparency and tensile strength have declined. The addition of EVA is generally 5% ~ 10%, EVA as the modifier , also be used in the  dibasic lead stearate modified polyolefins , to improve weatherability , cold resistance .
⑤ styrene - butadiene = styrene copolymer (SBS): used mainly to change HIPS, PP, PS toughening , cold and impact strength . Added amount is generally 5 % to 10 %, can greatly improve the low temperature impact toughness .
⑥ synthetic rubber and thermoplastic elastomer impact modifier : synthetic rubber and thermoplastic elastomers have excellent toughness, flexibility , high elasticity and excellent low temperature performance, itself has good impact resistance , good impact resistance is changed Xing agent.
POE is an ethylene / octene copolymers, as PE, PP, PA impact modifier to good effect in toughening the same time, to lower rigidity .
EPDM rubber (EPDM), has good flexibility, elasticity , tear resistance , acid and alkali , weather resistance and impact resistance.

fluorescent agents lack of fear

 Recently , on the " toilet paper when the paper napkin with carcinogenic ", " toilet paper contains large amounts of fluorescent whitening agent is carcinogenic ," saying aroused heated debate on the Internet . So toilet paper and napkins in the end what is the difference ? FWA carcinogenic and whether credible argument ? International plastic flame retardant  Food Packaging Association Executive Vice President and Secretary General Dong Lion said , toilet paper and napkins best not to mix .
According to the relevant national standards, especially toilet paper "toilet paper " and napkin handkerchief belonging to a part of handkerchief including facial tissue , napkins and paper handkerchiefs categories.
" Toilet paper and hygiene standards handkerchief perform different , for example, microbiological criteria , the former is the total number of bacterial colonies per gram paper is less than 600 , while the latter is not more than 200 , the two do not mix benefit human health. Allow the use of toilet paper recycled paper ( recycled pulp ) to produce, but the premise is that these are clean waste paper , used tissue paper must not include them ; while the handkerchief is clear that you want to use virgin pulp , paper production that can not be used . "
" FWA widely used paper , although state regulations in the handkerchief ' mobility is not allowed contain optical titanium dioxide anatase  brighteners ', but on its own terms , I think the human body and do not result in harm ."
" The fluorescent brighteners toilet paper has two main sources: First, recycled paper itself contains , the two manufacturers in the bleach is added later , but add a lot of argument is unscientific because FWA has yellowed points , its content is generally less than 1/1000 ( in paper weight basis ) , the paper will not exceed this amount but will whiten yellowed . " Shen Yongjia said.
In fact, in most countries, handkerchief production is also not explicitly prohibit the use of optical brighteners . In China, in order to avoid consumer concerns handkerchief only allowed to add fluorescent brighteners requirements.
"As for bleaching and spices , is the paper bleaching process . Corrosion and oxidation bleach although very strong, but after processing , basic does not remain in the pulp ; spices , as the paper is the human body may be, if not the sensitive skin or is the spice allergy , no problem . " Shen Yongjia that bleach and add flavor will not endanger human health.
"But the premise is qualified regular manufacturers of paper , like some sinister manufacturers out of inferior black iron oxide  products, sources of raw materials is very complex , and perhaps itself contains bacteria or harmful substances.
"For example , when we went unannounced visits , found some illegal dumping of waste paper manufacturers in one , and some have even moldy , braving the stench of these paper waste paper some life , such as sanitary napkins , disposable diapers are class , but also some some chemical scrap of paper from the paper products produced with a variety of fungi, E. coli, or there is a chemical, pesticide residues harmful to human health

pvc heat stabilizer some elaborate

 With many countries in the world for environmental awareness and increasingly severe environmental problems , related health problems in people's daily lives by everyone concerned . PVC products used as an extremely wide range of general plastic surface , in the traditional PVC heat stabilizers , containing heavy metals such as lead salt heat stabilizer has a good cost advantage , is widely used . However, with the  chromium oxide deepening of understanding and found that in the manufacturing process have serious dust pollution, once absorbed by the body after can not be excreted , seriously affecting the health of production workers ; while PVC products containing lead salts in the course will be varies with time precipitation , which also affects the user 's health, especially in medicine and health, children's toys and food packaging-related products is particularly serious. Therefore, the traditional heavy metal toxic heat stabilizers will be fully replaced . Future PVC heat stabilizers are mainly concentrated in the direction of non-toxic calcium / zinc composite heat stabilizer and organic tin  dibasic lead phosphate in two ways. Ca / Zn compound stabilizer due to excellent overall performance and cost-effectiveness will ultimately shape the future country PVC stabilizer system of the subject. It is also about to become the next phase of PVC heat stabilizers hotspot.
In summary , pvc heat stabilizer study related subjects in previous studies , based on the liquid calcium / zinc composite heat stabilizer metal soap synthesis and complex research to improve synthesis process , improve heat stabilizer comprehensive performance to meet the  stearate aluminum future needs of multi-functional stabilizer for the relevant enterprises and research institutions to provide a reference . And soft , transparent PVC heat stabilizer complex study to improve thermal stability . If these problems are resolved , there will be our country's non-toxic environmentally friendly PVC heat stabilizers to a higher level , widening environmentally friendly composite heat stabilizer market and shorten the gap with foreign countries . For widening liquid calcium / zinc composite heat stabilizer field of use has a positive meaning , and will directly promote the upgrading and development of the PVC industry .

PVC heat stabilizers factors affecting the transparency of PVC

 PVC heat stabilizers of PVC to a certain extent affect the transparency . PVC heat stabilizers are also PVC additives can not be missing , so no PVC heat stabilizers for PVC will lose a lot of practical value. So people are constantly on the PVC heat stabilizers  PVC heat stabilizer for window biochemical research . Here polyvinyl chloride PVC heat stabilizers affect the transparency of the three factors , and we do a study .1, the refractive index of the stabilizer
PVC resin, heat stabilizer and 1.52 to 1.55 of the refractive index of the visible light are the same or similar, then the better the transparency of PVC products , the transparency is low and vice versa .
2 , stabilizer molecules  antimony flame retardant ( molecules ) of linear length
Heat stabilizer molecule ( or molecules ) linear length is less than 400 ~ 735nm wavelength of visible light refracting fewer higher degree of transparency , whereas less transparent .
3 , a heat stabilizer in PVC , " solubility ", ie compatibility
The so-called compatibility of two or more substances refers to the mutual affinity when mixed . Good compatibility is possible to achieve dispersion of the molecular level . Thermal stabilizer in the  pvc additive molten state has good compatibility with PVC resin . Do not form a two -phase , that is no interface or the interface is not obvious, less refracted light , PVC products, higher transparency . Liquid stabilizer than the corresponding solid metal soap good compatibility in PVC , the linear molecule has a smaller length , and thus the higher the transparency of the PVC .

PVC heat stabilizers breed some introductory

PVC primary stabilizers are those have a stabilizing effect when used alone, the compound and the secondary stabilizer is an invalid who used alone with the primary stabilizer compounds Shique synergistic effect. Some primary stabilizer or between certain to choose between the   Acrylic impact modifier main and auxiliary stabilizers act synergistically after use. First, the base of the  lead salt base lead salts are used in PVC earliest and most widely used of a heat stabilizer, alkaline, and it could be heated with PVC, HCl produced REACTED stability. From toxicity, stain resistance and product transparency point of view, lead salt is not ideal. But its stabilizing effect is good, inexpensive, it is still used extensively for cheap PVC extrusion and calendered products. Because it has excellent electrical properties and low water absorption, the PVC is widely used as electrical insulation products, albums and foam stabilizers. 1.1, tribasic lead sulfate  oxidized PE WAX (also known as tribasic lead sulfate) white powder, specific gravity 7.10, sweet, toxic; hygroscopic, non-flammable and corrosive. Insoluble in water, but soluble in hot ammonium acetate, wet decomposition of the light will change color. Index 2.1, and used as electrical insulation products stabilizer. 1.2 Dibasic lead phosphate which is a fine needle-like crystalline powder; specific gravity 6.1, sweet and toxic; 200 ℃ or so into a gray-black, 450 ℃ or so turns yellow. This product is not soluble in water and organic solvents, soluble in hydrochloric acid. Refractive index 2.25, with an antioxidant effect, is an excellent weather resistance stabilizers. Second, the metal soaps metal soaps also a widely used class of PVC heat stabilizer. In carboxylic acid barium, cadmium carboxylate, zinc carboxylate, carboxylic acid, or a mixture of elemental calcium use. Its stabilizing effect is due to it in the beginning of PVC molecular chain decomposition of the place where esterification. Stabilizing effect and the strength of the metal ratio of metal soap, a carboxylic acid type, and the existence of such formulations phosphite, epoxidized oils, the antioxidant synergists. Including cadmium and zinc soap soap greatest stabilizing effect. 2.1 Lead stearate which is a fine powder, is insoluble in water, soluble in hot ethanol and ether. Heated and dissolved in an organic solvent, and then cooling a gum. Case of decomposition of stearic acid and the corresponding lead salts, easy to damp. Has good lubricity, low melting point and that it has the excellent dispersibility. 2.2,2 - ethyl acetate, lead is soluble solvents and plasticizers. Often dubbed 57-60% mineral oil or plasticizer was sold. Widely used in foam blowing agent azodicarbonamide activator. 2.3 Lead salicylate which is a white crystalline powder, specific gravity 2.36, refractive index 1.76. Both PVC heat stabilizers and light stabilizers. 2.4, tribasic lead stearate is a white powder, specific gravity 2.15,280-300 ℃ decomposition, the case of high temperature above 100 ℃ caking. Soluble in ether, poisonous, non-flammable and corrosive. Refractive index of 1.60. This product is good lubricity, good light stability, widely used in PVC formulations title. 2.5, dibasic lead phthalate white fine crystalline powder, specific gravity 4.5. Insoluble in common solvents. This product is weak, and its base portion and easy carbonation. Refractive index of 1.99. When a formula contains a plasticizer easily saponifiable stabilizing effect than tribasic lead sulfate. 2.6, three maleate salt of lead (tribasic lead maleate) yellowish fine powder, specific gravity 6.0, refractive index 2.08, toxic, non-flammable and corrosive, with good color stability, and eliminate unstable diene structure effect. 2.7, barium stearate fine white powder, barium content 19.5-20.6%, the proportion of 1.145, melting point 225 ℃ or more. Insoluble in water, but soluble in hot ethanol. Was heated and dissolved in an organic solvent, after cooling into jelly. Case of decomposition of stearic acid and the corresponding barium salt, easy to damp. Sulfur contamination must be avoided for the selection of the heat stabilizer is used when processed under high temperature lubricant. 2.8, Osmanthus barium
2.9, ricinoleic acid, which is a kind of barium yellow-white powder, mp l16-124 ℃, enabling products to obtain good transparency stabilizer. 2.10, a white fine powder cadmium stearate, cadmium content 16.5-17.5%, insoluble in water, soluble in hot ethanol, heated and dissolved in an organic solvent, a jelly after cooling, in case decomposed into stearic acid and the corresponding cadmium salt, easy to damp. Is required to have good transparency PVC heat and light stabilizers. 2.11, cadmium ricinoleate which is a white powder, mp 96-104 ℃, both heat and light stabilizers 2.12, calcium stearate fine white powder, insoluble in water, soluble in hot ethanol and ether. Case of decomposition of stearic acid and corresponding calcium salt, easy to damp. Is a non-toxic PVC stabilizers and lubricants. Generally not used alone, but often with soap zinc, magnesium soap or vice epoxy stabilizer used in conjunction. 2.13, castor calcium is a white powder, melting point 74-82 ℃, PVC with a non-toxic stabilizers. 2.14, zinc stearate fine white powder, insoluble in water, soluble in hot ethanol, turpentine, benzene and other organic solvents. Was heated and dissolved in an organic solvent, after cooling a gum. Case of decomposition of stearic acid and the corresponding zinc, easy to damp. Is a non-toxic PVC stabilizers and lubricants. 2.15, magnesium stearate white powder, specific gravity 1.07, melting point of pure 85 ℃, industrial mp l08-115 ℃. Slightly soluble in water, soluble in hot ethanol, the case of decomposition of stearic acid and magnesium. This is a non-toxic PVC stabilizers and lubricants, but also phenol and urea formaldehyde resin lubricant. Third, the composite stabilizer 3.1, liquids and liquid barium cadmium, barium cadmium zinc composite stabilizer such composite stabilizer is mainly used for the processing of soft PVC products, the basic components include: (a) barium salt - can be alkyl barium phenol 2 - ethylhexanoic acid, barium laurate, barium, barium benzoic acid and substituted benzoic acid, neodecanoic acid and barium. Barium salt complexes accounted 6-7% salt with cadmium ratio is about 2:1.32 (as metal, by weight, the same below). (2) cadmium salts - can be 2 - ethylhexanoic acid, cadmium laurate, cadmium, cadmium oleate, phenyl and substituted benzoic acid, cadmium, cadmium naphthenate, neodecanoate, and cadmium. Cadmium salt complexes about 3-4%. (3) zinc salt - may be 2 - ethylhexanoate, zinc laurate, zinc naphthenate, zinc neodecanoate, benzoic acid and substituted benzoic acid zinc. Accounts for the composite zinc 0.5-1%. (4) phosphite - may be triphenyl phosphite, diphenyl phosphite, an octyl diphenyl phosphite, a decyl phosphite, tris (nonylphenyl), etc. In the phosphite complexes about 15-20% (by weight), as a chelating agent. (5) Other - include minor amounts of 2,6 - tert-butyl-p-cresol, bisphenol A, nonylphenol and other phenolic antioxidants and ultraviolet absorbers, and a liquid paraffin, white oil, diesel oil, spindle oil mineral oil as solvent, and the need small amount of antifoaming agent such as a higher alcohol. Liquid barium cadmium zinc composite stabilizer because different composition, properties are also different. But is generally pale yellow to yellow clear liquid, specific gravity 0.95-1.02 at room temperature, the viscosity of less than 100 cps, freezing point at -15 ℃ or so. Liquid Ba Ba Cd, Zn and Cd, and similar liquids, has excellent heat and light stability; initial coloration is small, good  titanium dioxide anatase transparency and color stability. Their stabilizing effect than solid composite soaps, therefore, may reduce the amount of, usually 2-3 parts, the dust does not occur poisoning, and completely dissolved in the plasticizer in the general, good dispersion, small tendency to precipitate. Wherein the liquid barium cadmium zinc early color than the liquid barium cadmium smaller. 3.2 Liquid Ba-Zn complexes are generally pale yellow to yellow-brown oily liquid, specific gravity of 1.0-1.1 at room temperature, good heat resistance, pollution from sulfur, with an epoxy plasticizer and used to increase the stabilizing effect on the hair foam agents are activation. 3.3, non-toxic liquid calcium zinc complexes of liquid calcium zinc stabilizer main ingredients are calcium stearate, castor oil, calcium, zinc stearate, castor oil, zinc and epoxy soybean oil, ultraviolet absorber. Liquid calcium zinc stabilizer off
Agents are generally more soluble in organic solvents used fewer carbon fatty acid calcium salts and zinc salts. Because of different compositions, varied in nature, usually pale yellow to yellow clear oily liquid at room temperature under a specific gravity of 1.0 to 1.05. It is non-toxic PVC stabilizer, mainly for food packaging films, containers, and foam stabilizer for leather. Fourth, organotin stabilizers organotin stabilizers are various carboxylic acids derivatives of tin and tin mercaptide, the main products are dibutyl tin and dioctyl tin compounds, which Dioctyltin countries as being more toxic stabilizer be used. Organotin primarily to stabilize rigid PVC products, especially those that require a superior transparency and thermal stability of the product. Of course, soft products can be stably, but because of its price is more expensive, it is generally not used. 4.1, dibutyl tin dilaurate is a pale yellow clear liquid, dissolved in a plasticizer and all industrial solvents, the toxic materials. It is the oldest organotin species, has excellent lubricity, transparency and weather resistance, resistance to sulfur pollution, but the heat resistance is poor. As the main products, soft transparent stabilizers, rigid transparent products used as lubricants. 4.2, dibutyltin maleate which is a white amorphous powder, melting and volatile vary with the degree of polymerization, between about 100-140 ℃. This product is toxic, a tear. Primarily used for high softening point and high impact strength rigid transparent products. Because no lubrication so often and dibutyl tin and used, the amount of 0.5-2. 4.3, bis (monobutyl maleate), dibutyltin light yellow transparent liquid, non-toxic (to allow the amount of 3 parts or less). This product has good weather resistance, transparency, and thermal stability preventing coloration does not occur sulfur pollution, commonly used in transparent PVC rigid products, the amount of 2.0-4.0 parts. 4.4, bis (isobutyl thioglycolate), di-n-octyl tin which is a pale yellow liquid, insoluble in water, soluble in esters, ethers, alcohols, aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, chlorinated hydrocarbons and the major types of plasticizer . It is the main tin mercaptide species, the most commonly used one non-toxic organotin stabilizers for rigid transparent PVC (2-3 copies) and soft transparent PVC (1 copy). The disadvantage is poor weather, the smell would sulfur pollution, no lubrication. In addition, because it contains an ester group, so there is a certain degree of plasticization.

anti-rust paint with non-toxic paint Research Progress

 Metals and their alloys applications throughout all areas of the national

economy. According to statistics, the global annual metal loss due to

corrosion caused by the  tin stabilizer annual metal production capacity of up to 20% to

40%, about earthquakes, floods, typhoons and other natural disasters, the

sum of six times, resulting in huge economic losses. Meanwhile metal

corrosion damage of equipment and facilities will also affect the stability

of production and disrupt people's lives in order and even lead to

accidents resulting in personal injury. Therefore, the metal corrosion is

very important [1-3]. Organic coatings against corrosion has become by far

the most effective, most economical and most common method [4], with

excellent performance, ease of manufacture, low price and a number of other

methods can not match advantage. And more attention to environmental

protection today, the development of new anti-rust paint environmental

pollution became one of the trends [5,6].
Anti-rust paint anti-rust paint varieties and dosage, as well as with

anti-rust paint binder resin interactions occurring protective properties

of the coating greatly affected [7]. The traditional use of the anti-rust

paint coatings containing more chromium, lead, cadmium and other pigments

such as red lead, lead oxide, and  dibutyl phthalate zinc, barium, lead chromate, with its

mixture of the coating while having good anti-corrosion , but in itself

toxic, and in the production and use of the process will pollute the

environment and health hazards, many countries have strict restrictions on

the use [8]. Therefore, the development of non-toxic anti-rust paint and

coatings efficiently has become imperative. Researchers at home and abroad

have developed a phosphates, molybdates, borates and flake pigments and

other non-toxic and efficient anti-rust paint .
This article describes a variety of non-toxic anti-rust paint corrosion

mechanism and application progress, according to their mechanism of action

divided into: ① physical rust paint; ② chemical rust paint; ③ both

physical and chemical mechanisms of the integrated anti-rust rust-

preventive pigment.
A physical anti-rust paint
 Physical rust pigment itself more stable chemical properties, its anti

-rust pigment itself instead of relying on the mechanism of chemical

activity, but they have to rely on physical properties. Conventional non-

toxic physical rust red iron oxide pigments, mica iron oxide, mica, glass

flake, stainless steel scales, such as aluminum and aluminum paste.
1.1 Iron oxide red
Short red iron oxide red, formula Fe2O3, its crystalline phase with α

-Fe2O3 (used as pigments) and γ-Fe2O3 (used as a magnetic material), and

its crystal structure due to different methods of synthesis, there are

cubic, spherical, needle like type, hexagonal, diamond-and hexagonal

platelets. Red iron oxide is not soluble in water, alkali and acid, only in

the case of heating to dissolve in concentrated acid, insoluble in an

organic solvent and an organic base material, high heat resistance, α-

Fe2O3 general heat resistance up to 1200 ℃. Iron oxide red pigments are

inert, iron oxide pigments in the aluminum hydroxide  most stable, with good weather

resistance, light, water, and the role of the atmosphere is stable, and can

strongly absorb ultraviolet radiation, leaving the protected goods from red

iron UV damage. For rust in the system is based on its dense coating of the

items covered by the shielding effect from physics [13,14], while iron red

rust on the substrate have the ability, the ability of polluted gases,

alkali, coloring force, hiding power. Due to low prices, is used widely in

rust, but the rust resistance 1.2 micaceous iron oxide
Micaceous iron oxide, the main chemical ingredient of α-Fe2O3, is

hexagonal single crystal flake, mica flake as having similar structures, so

called micaceous iron oxide. Its chemical stability, non-toxic and

tasteless, high temperature, UV, also has anti-chalking, rust resistance,

alkali resistance, salt spray resistance, weather resistance and excellent

performance [15].
MIO MIO divided into natural and synthetic micaceous iron oxide two kinds.

Natural micaceous iron oxide is made from natural minerals (eg iron ore)

crushing, sorting, crushing derived, heat resistance up to 800 ℃ or more,

contain more impurities, particle size distribution is uneven. Most of the

world use natural micaceous iron oxide. The synthetic micaceous iron oxide

due to high purity, particle size distribution, with a sense of three-

dimensional sense of strong light, heat resistance is even higher than the

natural micaceous iron oxide

PVC heat stabilizers tribasic acid leaden take process (a)

Because PVC heat stabilizers tribasic lead sulfate extraction, the process is more complex, factors affecting more detailed description of an article can not be and are hereby removed all the  n-butyl stearate details on this, give us representations about. Here to tell you the amount of coating under tribasic lead sulfate on the thermal stability. The amount of coating on the thermal stability time have a significant effect, as coating amount from 40% to 55%, thermal stability extended from 59 minutes to 73 minutes, that the thermal stability of the coated lead salt in the  potassium stearate coating at this stage proportional, with the coating increases, the thermal stability is slightly increased, from 73 minutes to 75 minutes, the growth rate slowed significantly. Subsequently, from the thermal stability as the coating amount hardly increases, when the coating amount to 50%, from the thermal stability has been reached after 71 minutes and tribasic lead sulfate heat stabilizer stabilization time 72 minutes already quite.
Of PVC stabilizer in the  plastic flame retardant capture HCl process, the diffusion process of closing, when the coating amount reaches the top coating, in the form of a stabilizer in the best condition to capture HCl HCl its ability to capture even more than tribasic lead sulfate, when more than the optimum amount, many of the stabilizing agent is masked in the surface stabilizer, and the surface after the formation of PbCl2 capture HCl salt stabilizing function and thus can not, therefore, even if increasing the amount of tribasic lead sulfate, the stable Function difficult to continue to grow.

wetting dispersing aids application

 Application of wetting dispersing aids
The base of the pigment in the paint wetting and dispersing is an important process in the manufacture of paints, paint wetting dispersing additives on the quality of a great movie
Rang. Wet grinding and dispersion of dispersing agents can shorten the time and reduce energy consumption, to ensure a steady state dispersion coating, the coating of the many performance plays a decisive role.
Pigment dispersion is a group of the  aluminium distearate secondary particles and agglomerates of aggregates broken into finer abrasive particles or primary particle size, it
Become a stable dispersion suspension. Yan moist grain: It is the process of changing the surface properties of the pigment, the pigment surface remove adsorbed water and air, to change its polarity, lower liquid / solid interface between the tension and increase the affinity for pigments and paints. Humectant is in the role of this phase additives. Wetting agent is to improve the effectiveness of the pigment dispersing surfactant wetting agent. It
Pigment surface has a strong affinity. Orientation can be adsorbed on the surface of the pigment, pigment surface adsorbate substituted: water and air. Enhance the affinity of paints and pigments, pigment in paints shorten grinding dispersion time. Because the pigment surface run process is actually a replacement project pigment wetting agent should be and therefore has a strong affinity for the pigment. The dispersion process, formed by mechanical grinding paint pigment fine particles and form a uniform suspension, the external force, to maintain a stable dispersion state is usually referred to as dispersed phase, also known as stabilization phase, the dispersant is at this stage play The additive effect. Dispersing agent is able to maintain a stable dispersion coating to improve the surface-active substances. Adding a dispersing agent in the coating can be pulverized into fine particles adsorbed on the pigment surface, constituting an adsorption layer, the charge-generating steric repulsion effect of the air to prevent re-dispersed pigment particles form harmful flocculation, can be maintained in a stable suspension system state. Dispersant of general
Large child, and can form a thick adsorption layer. Dispersant if used properly, can not only prevent pigment settling, the paint has
Good storage stability, but also to improve leveling, prevent pigment blurs to obtain a uniform color coating to improve
Coloring pigment strength, opacity, gloss increase the  film, but also reduce the viscosity of the paste, increase the  liquid stabilizer pigment grind paste
Content, improve grinding efficiency and achieve savings in manpower and energy effects.
1, a wetting dispersant, additive manufacturers have introduced general, but adding the scope and amount of the coating should be based on
Species and required to make specific decisions. To do this, we must first understand the characteristics of the resin used, and secondly to grasp the characteristics of the pigment surface, in particular acid resistance, specific surface area of ​​the size, shape, etc., to set the added amount, generally higher than the amount of surface area a little more, a small is less. If insufficient amount, the pigment surface spare too many points, could easily lead to flocculation, be counterproductive. Such as: the specific surface area is small, the amount of excess, the formation of micelles in the paint, it will affect the water resistance of the coating. So be sure to use suitable screening test must be repeated. 2, a wetting agent added dispersing procedure: pigment wetting dispersant is generally added when the ingredients to make the grinding and dispersion of the pigment surface adsorption, to achieve the desired purpose. If the compound used in the non-polar hard dispersed pigment, preferably blended in a small amount first additive resin solution and then mixed with the pigment soaked, so that the application would be more effective.
Dispersing pigment in the paint pigment in the dispersion process is more complicated, but at least through three processes, namely wet depolymerization (dispersion) and stabilized.
Providing paint pigment production, the vegetable stearic acid   production of the pigment particles formed are subtle, and its particle size is generally in between 5nm to 1um, the dispersion system can be formed easily.
But the paint pigment plant put into production, mostly in the original-sized particles, agglomerates and aggregates mixtures exist. Primary-particle: a pigment formed in the manufacturing process of associating a single crystal or crystals is relatively fine grain size. Agglomerates: the original sized particles connected edges and corners, a combination of the structure is relatively loose, large particle group. Aggregates: a primary-particle combination of two-sided, or the growing crystal surface together, the structure is compact, large particle group.
Most of the pigment agglomerates of Lu cake drying and subsequent formation of a dry mill.
Aggregates of pigment manufacturing process precipitate formed during the curing. Agglomerates and aggregates secondary particles as pigments together. 1, pigment wetting:
Production of the pigment used in paints are generally adsorbed surface layer of air and water, the voids between the particles are filled by air, dispersing the pigment in the paint the most important prerequisite is the need to use paints instead of air and moisture, and exposure of the pigment the formation of a new layer on the surface of coated film, which instead of air and moisture with the paints and coating film formed on the surface of the pigment in the process, referred to as pigment wetting process. 2, the pigment depolymerization (dispersion): In the dispersion process, only the surface of the secondary particles is not enough to wet paints, because such a large size, small surface
Group product of pigment particles can not meet the requirements and maintain a film forming paint liquid paint a stable dispersion state.
Must therefore be subjected to external mechanical forces (shear forces primarily) deaggregation these large particles, to restore back to the original level at or near the particle size to small particles form a large surface area exposed to the paint and so that all surfaces are exposed by wet paints. This means the applied mechanical force, the pigment agglomerates and aggregates restored or nearly restored to the original level of particles or depolymerization process called dispersion process called. Pigment in the paint in the paint manufacturing process depolymerization is the main, the most energy consuming processes. Depolymerization can paint the outer
To mechanical force, usually by grinding and dispersion we normally use equipment, such as a sand mill, ball mill, three-roll machine, high speed disperser and two roll machine generated. As a dispersion medium in order to create a liquid vehicle for the pigment (filling) material particles penetrate the surface of the conditions necessary to color (fill) material aggregates and agglomerates can be applied to promote its breakdown external mechanical force, the color (fill) depolymerization material particles, it is better to paint the wetting liquid, which requires grinding and dispersion equipment. Paint the polishing slurry, the pigment particles depolymerization process, not only can be sufficiently liquid so that wet paint color (fill) material particle surface to improve the stability of the millbase, and with a higher level of pigment dispersion, coloring pigments, cover will be a corresponding increase in strength, gloss and other paint film performance is also improved. So the selection of an efficient grinding and dispersion device, can greatly improve the dispersion of pigment in the paint level, thereby improving the millbase while reducing the amount of pigment stability, improve the quality of paint and coatings. 3, the stabilization: depolymerization has been wetted pigment particles distributed to a large number of paints continue to go, so there is enough paint coated on the periphery of pigment particles, and isolated from one another, thereby reducing the pigment particles attraction between avoid the phase between the pigment particles
Contact with each other, such that each has to be gathered and the solution of the pigment particles are moistened sufficiently thick, continuous, non-volatile dispersion of film-forming material is permanently open, the dispersion in the absence of the control of the applied mechanical force, pigment particles does not occur again coalesce into large particles in the process, called the stabilization process, the stability of the pigment dispersion obtained, the ultimate goal is the production of paint. Thus, the dispersion of pigment in the paint is wet, and stabilization depolymerization process three major components.
But, in fact, these three processes are not completely separate, but simultaneous and alternating conducted. For dispersing the pigment in the paint dispersion is formed, the relationship between the three: a wet basis, in order to more fully depolymerization wetting, and to achieve steady state of the ultimate goal.
If the pigment is dispersed in the paint well, to reach a relatively stable state, then had been dispersed pigment particles likely will re-close and gathered into large particles, forming what we call a pigment floc flocculation of pigments is distributed among the inverse process. Floc pigments and aggregates and agglomerates, although the original-sized particles made of large particle coalescence particle group, but the floc and the latter are essentially different, although it still paints the surface of the package cover, paint particles have been filled the gap, the pigment aggregates and agglomerates the surface of the cladding is air and water, the gap is filled by air, but the micro-flocculation state, in the production of coatings as well as its the use of the Department.

hard polyvinyl chloride (UPVC) injection molding process

UPVC known as hard PVC, vinyl chloride monomer which is formed by the polymerization reaction of amorphous thermoplastic resin and certain additives (such as stabilizers, lubricants, fillers, etc.). pvc called hard pvc, vinyl chloride monomer which is prepared by polymerization of
The amorphous thermoplastic resin and certain additives (such as stabilizers, lubricants, fillers, etc.). In addition to the additive, but also other resins used for blending with the modified approach
upvc called hard pvc, vinyl chloride monomer which is formed by the polymerization reaction of amorphous thermoplastic resin and a certain additive (
Such as stabilizers, lubricants, fillers, etc.).
In addition to the additive, but also other resins used for blending with the modified approach, it has obvious practical value. These resins are cpvc, pe, abs, eva, mbs like.
upvc high melt viscosity, poor mobility, even when the injection pressure and melt temperature fluidity will not change much. In addition, the resin molding temperature and thermal decomposition temperature are very close to the temperature for forming a very narrow range, is a hard molded material.
1, plastic processing
After 24 hours at room temperature, water less than 0.02%, and therefore without drying. If must be dry, can be placed in 60-70 ℃ hot air oven for 3 hours or 80 ℃ 1-1.5 hours in a dryer.
Up to 20% recycled material and new material mixed, the amount of recycled material depends on the end use of the product. Abuse of recycled material injection can fail, not only the plastic processing aid  composition of recovered much more is due to the material after repeated re-processing. Every once more recycled material decline in the quality recycling more.
2, injection molding machine selection
upvc Since the melt viscosity, easy to decompose, decomposition products have a corrosive effect on iron, which must be dedicated to the plastics injection molding components and temperature control system.
Ramada products covered in each of the  organic pigments clamping force model, has specialized upvc plastics injection system, and with upvc pipe fittings Pulling requirements with a dedicated security gate devices. Under normal circumstances as long as the injection volume to meet the weight requirements, the choice of this series of injection molding device can be molded upvc high-quality products.
3, mold and gate design
Mold temperature can be set to 40 ℃. Flow channel length should be short, will have a large diameter to reduce the pressure loss and the holding pressure can be passed into the mold cavity. Gate as short as possible, cutting surface to be circular, the diameter of the smallest nozzle orifice 6mm,, into a conical angles to 5 °.
Sprue cutting surfaces have circular, with a combination of cold slug well by connecting section sprue and gate radius, diameter of 7mm.
Gate application tangentially connecting radius of the surface shape plastic parts, the shorter the better, cutting surface to be smooth.
Cold slug well to prevent semi-solidified material into the mold cavity, its importance is often overlooked.
Position of the gate to the right, so that the material in the stream flowing smoothly trail, will not stay in sharp corners, debris and metal traces in order to avoid compression or decompression situation, should maintain smooth flow smoothly.
Application of stainless steel casting mold, chromium content of at least 13%, preferably 16%, at least 55 Rockwell hardness, hard chrome-plated steel mold can be processed to form a protective effect.
After production, the application of a mild lye carefully cleaned and then sprayed mold surface quality oil spray or siliceous spray.
4, the melt temperature
Measure of available air-launched by 185-205 ℃ range. Smoothness of the material from the injection can know the  heat stabilizer for shoes exact upvc melt temperature. If the material in the injection after the rough, as evidenced by the material is not homogeneous (plastics insufficient), which means that the temperature set too low; eg, injection newcomer bubble and smoke a lot of smoke, it means the temperature is too high.
5, the injection speed
Slower rate of fire, or cause excessive shear degradation of materials, the use of upvc produce extremely smooth, thick-walled products should be used multi-stage injection mold filling speed.
6, the screw speed
Should match the  molding cycle may be. Screw face velocity shall not exceed 0.15-0.2m / s
7, the back pressure
Up to 150bar, the lower the better, common to 5bar.
8, the retention time
At a temperature of 200 ℃, barrel residence time can not exceed five minutes. When the temperature is 210 ℃, cylinder residence time should not exceed 3 minutes.